Faecal microbiota transplantation enhances efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy against cancer

Table 1 Changes in microbiota composition associated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein ligand 1 treatment efficacy against cancer and potential strategies for improving efficacy

Models	Disease	Implicated microbiota	New strategies	Implicated microbiota	Ref.
Mice	Melanoma	Bifidobacterium↑	(1) FMT; and (2) Commercial cocktail of Bifidobacterium including Bifidobacterium breve and B. longum	NO	Sivan et al[60], 2015
Mice	CRC	Bacteroides_sp._CAG:927↑, Bacteroidales_S24-7↑, Akkermansia muciniphila↑	NO	NO	Xu et al[61], 2020
Mice	CT26 tumours	NO	GQD	s__Bacteroides acidifaciens↑, s__uncultured_organism_g__norank_f__Bacteroidales_S24-7↑	Lv et al[62], 2019
Mice	RCC	NO	(1) FMT; (2) A. muciniphila; and (3) Bacteroides salyersiae	NO	Derosa et al[66], 2020
Mice	Melanoma	NO	FMT	NO	Matson et al[68], 2018
Mice	MCA-205 sarcoma	NO	(1) FMT; (2) A. muciniphila; and (3) A. muciniphila with Enterococcus hirae; Alistipes indistinctus	NO	Routy et al[69], 2018
Mice	(1) RET; and (2) Melanoma	NO	(1) A. muciniphila; and (2) A. muciniphila with Enterococcus hirae;	NO	Routy et al[69], 2018
Human	NSCLC	Parabacteroides↑, Methanobrevibacter↑, Veillonella↓, Selenomonadales↓, Negativicutes↓	NO	NO	Song et al[63], 2020
Human	NSCLC	Gut microbial diversity↑, Alistipes putredinis↑, B. longum↑, Prevotella copri↑, Ruminococcus unclassified↓	NO	NO	Jin et al[64], 2019
Human	NSCLC	Altered gut microbiota metabolome	NO	NO	Botticelli et al[65], 2020
Human	RCC	A. muciniphila ↑, Bacteroides salyersiae↑, Clostridium hathewayi↓	NO	NO	Derosa et al[66], 2020
Human	Melanoma	Gut microbial diversity↑, Clostridiales/Ruminococcaceae↑, Faecalibacterium↑, Anaerotruncus colihominis↓, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron↓, Escherichia coli↓	NO	NO	Gopalakrishnan et al[67], 2018
Human	Melanoma	Bifidobacterium adolescentis↑, B. longum↑, Collinsella aerofaciens↑, Enterococcus faecium↑, Klebsiella pneumoniae↑, Lactobacillus species↑, Parabacteroides merdae↑, Veillonella parvula↑, Ruminococcus obeum↓, Roseburia intestinalis↓	NO	NO	Matson et al[68], 2018
Human	NSCLC and RCC	A. muciniphila ↑	NO	NO	Routy et al[69], 2018
Human	Melanoma	NO	FMT	NO	Baruch et al[83], 2021

NO: No test or no research; FMT: Faecal microbiota transplantation; CRC: Colorectal cancer; RCC: Renal cell carcinoma; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; GQD: Gegen Qinlian decoction.

Table 2 Changes in microbiota composition associated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 efficacy treatment against cancer and potential strategies for improving efficacy

Models	Disease	Implicated microbiota	New strategies	Implicated microbiota	Ref.
Mice	MCA205 sarcomas	Clostridiales↑, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron↑, B. uniformis↑, Bacteroidales↓, Burkholderiales↓,	(1) B. thetaiotaomicron; (2) B fragilis; and (3) Burkholderia cepacia	NO	Vétizou et al[70], 2015
Mice	CRC	NO	Lactobacillus acidophilus cell lysates	NO	Zhuo et al[73], 2019
Mice	CRC	NO	(1) Bifidobacterium pseudolongum; (2) Lactobacillus johnsonii; (3) Olsenella spp; and (4) Metabolite inosine	NO	Mager et al[74], 2020
Huamn	Melanoma	Faecalibacterium genus↑, unclassified Ruminococcus↑, Lachnospiraceae genus↑, Clostridium XIVa↑, Blautia↑, Butyrate producing bacterium↑, Gemmiger formicilis↑, Bacteroides↓, B. fragilis↓, B. thetaiotaomicron↓	NO	NO	Chaput et al[72], 2017

NO: No test or no research; CRC: Colorectal cancer.