Push vs pull method for endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of pancreatic head lesions: Propensity score matching analysis

Table 1 Comparison of patient characteristics and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration results

	Push group (n = 85)	Pull group (n = 85)	P value
Patient characteristics
Age (yr), mean ± SD	67.1 ± 10.2	67.6 ± 9.7	0.77
Sex (male/female)	48/37	46/39	0.88
Tumor diameter (mm), mean ± SD	25.9 ± 10.3	26.6 ± 10.1	0.67
EUS-FNA results
Distance to lesion	13.9 ± 4.9	7.0 ± 4.9	< 0.01
No. of needle passes of pancreas, mean ± SD	2.4 ± 1.3	2.4 ± 1.3	0.86
Needle gauge			0.57
19	2	1
22	32	38
25	51	46
Diagnosis of malignancy by cytology, n (%)	78 (91.8)	78 (91.8)	1
Diagnosis of malignancy by histology, n (%)	47 (55.3)	34 (40.0)	0.065
Overall diagnosis of malignancy, n (%)	80 (94.1)	80 (94.1)	1
Adverse events
Abscess around pancreas, n (%)	0 (0)	1 (1.2)	1

EUS-FNA: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration.

Table 2 Factors influencing the distance to lesion n (%)

	Distance to lesion < 10 mm (n = 70)	Distance to lesion ≥ 10 mm (n = 100)	P value
Age ≥ 68 yr	32 (45.7)	56 (56.0)	0.21
Sex, male	35 (50.0)	59 (59.0)	0.28
Tumor diameter ≥ 25 mm	27 (38.6)	45 (45.0)	0.43
Push method	12 (17.1)	73 (73.0)	< 0.01
Needle gauge, 19 or 22 G	32 (45.7)	41 (41.0)	0.64

Table 3 Factors contributing to the diagnosis of malignancy by histology (univariate analysis) n (%)

	Malignancy by histology(-) (n = 89)	Malignancy by histology(+) (n = 81)	P value
Age ≥ 68 yr	50 (56.2)	38 (46.9)	0.28
Sex, male	50 (56.2)	44 (54.3)	0.88
Tumor diameter ≥ 25 mm	45 (50.6)	53 (65.4)	0.062
Push method	38 (42.7)	47 (58.0)	0.065
Needle gauge, 19 or 22 G	37 (41.6)	36 (44.4)	0.76
Needle passes ≥ 2	71 (80.0)	59 (72.8)	0.37

Table 4 Factors contributing to the diagnosis of malignancy by histology (multivariate analysis)

	OR	95%CI	P value
Tumor diameter ≥ 25 mm	1.91	1.02-3.58	0.043
Push method	1.91	1.03-3.55	0.040