Health-related quality of life in gastroesophageal reflux patients with noncardiac chest pain: Emphasis on the role of psychological distress

Table 1 Patient characteristics

	GERD without CP	GERD with NCCP	GERD with CCP
	(n = 182)	(n = 124)	(n = 52)
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	46.16 ± 11.51	51.59 ± 11.44b	61.13 ± 13.66bd
Sex (male/female)	104/78 (1.33:1)	78/46 (1.70:1)	36/16 (2.25:1)
BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2)	23.44 ± 4.23	22.97 ± 3.19	23.26 ± 3.57
Smoking, n (%)	39 (21.2)	37 (29.8)	14 (26.9)
Alcohol, n (%)	48 (26.4)	26 (21.0)	12 (23.1)

^bP < 0.01 GERD with NCCP or CCP vs GERD without CP;

^dP < 0.01, GERD with CCP vs GERD with NCCP. BMI: Body mass index; CCP: Cardiac chest pain; CP: Chest pain; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; NCCP: Noncardiac chest pain.

Table 2 Gastroesophageal reflux disease scores and chest pain severity and frequency in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with or without chest pain

	GERD without CP (n = 182)	GERD with NCCP (n = 124)	GERD with CCP (n = 52)	P value
GERD score (mean ± SD)	15.26 ± 3.79	15.73 ± 3.54	15.00 ± 3.44	0.428
Chest pain severity, n (%)	-	120	52	0.038
Mild		37 (30.8)	6 (11.5)
Moderate		39 (32.5)	19 (36.5)
Severe		37 (30.8)	22 (42.4)
Incapacitating		7 (5.9)	5 (9.6)
Chest pain frequency, n (%)	-	120	52	0.046
< once per month		43 (35.8)	14 (26.9)
≥ once per month		49 (40.8)	16 (30.8)
≥ once per week		28 (23.4)	22 (42.3)

CCP: Cardiac chest pain; CP: Chest pain; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; NCCP: Noncardiac chest pain.

Table 3 Anxiety and depression in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with or without chest pain

	GERD without CP (n = 182)	GERD with NCCP (n = 124)	GERD with CCP (n = 52)
HADS Depression, n (%)	72 (39.6)	61 (49.2)	19 (36.5)
(mean ± SD)	6.41 ± 4.76	7.00 ± 4.49	6.17 ± 4.05
HADS Anxiety, n (%)	48 (26.4)	54 (43.5)a	24 (46.2)a
(mean ± SD)	4.72 ± 4.13	6.86 ± 4.64b	6.35 ± 4.06b
HADS Depression and Anxiety, n (%)	45 (24.7%)	49 (39.5%)a	23 (44.3%)a

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01, GERD with NCCP, with CCP vs GERD without CP. CCP: Cardiac chest pain; CP: Chest pain; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; NCCP: Noncardiac chest pain.

Table 4 Health-related quality of life in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with or without chest pain

	GERD without CP	GERD with NCCP	GERD with CCP
	(n = 182)	(n = 124)	(n = 52)
Physical function	97.33 ± 5.33	84.55 ± 20.98b	55.87 ± 26.66bd
Role-physical	54.92 ± 49.75	51.23 ± 46.67	25.48 ± 36.55bd
Bodily pain	76.52 ± 19.71	60.83 ± 22.99b	54.46 ± 24.66b
General health	38.77 ± 17.69	39.92 ± 20.64	40.92 ± 21.88
Vitality	60.62 ± 24.75	61.33 ± 22.98	49.46 ± 22.66ad
Social functioning	79.30 ± 26.06	67.25 ± 25.77a	53.41 ± 19.55bd
Role-emotional	82.51 ± 37.81	53.82 ± 47.42b	41.89 ± 44.37b
Mental health	68.90 ± 24.46	62.77 ± 21.68	65.19 ± 19.73

All data are expressed as the mean ± SD.

^bP < 0.01,

^aP < 0.05 GERD with NCCP, with CCP vs GERD without CP;

^dP < 0.01 GERD with CCP vs GERD with NCCP. CCP: Cardiac chest pain; CP: Chest pain; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; NCCP: Noncardiac chest pain.

Table 5 Influence of physical and psychological symptoms on quality of life in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with chest pain: A multivariate analysis

	GERD with NCCP		GERD with CCP
	β1	P value	β1	P value
Constant	-	0.000	-	0.000
Anxiety	-0.313	0.003	-0.169	0.048
Depression	-0.299	0.005	-0.077	0.218
Chest pain	-0.170	0.017	-0.422	0.001
GERD	-0.153	0.023	-0.236	0.043

¹Standardized regression coefficient. CCP: Cardiac chest pain; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; NCCP: Noncardiac chest pain.