Periodontal and inflammatory bowel diseases: Is there evidence of complex pathogenic interactions?

Table 1 Summary of the main epidemiological studies assessing the relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and periodontitis

Ref.	Methods	Principal findings
Flemmig et al[74] 1991	107 IBD patients (46 with CD and 61 with UC). Periodontal examination was carried out at two sites of all teeth in two quadrants. There was no control group and results were compared with the assessment of Oral Health of United States Adults	IBD patients presented an 11.9% higher prevalence, but lower severity
Grossner-Schreiber et al[42] 2006	62 patients with IBD (46 with CD and 16 with UC) and 59 healthy controls. Periodontal examination was performed in two quadrants	IBD patients had more sites with attachment loss of at least 4 and 5 mm, although periodontal disease was not clearly different from the control group
Brito et al[4] 2008	179 patients with IBD (99 with CD and 80 with UC) and 74 controls. Full-mouth periodontal examination was performed	CD and UC patients had higher prevalence of periodontitis than controls, but smoking was an effect modifier
Habashneh et al[5] 2012	160 patients with IBD (59 with CD and 101 with UC) and 100 control patients. Full-mouth periodontal examination was performed	Patients with IBD have higher prevalence, severity and extent of periodontitis compared with those having no IBD
Vavricka et al[75] 2013	113 patients with IBD (69 with CD and 44 with UC) and 113 controls	Gingivitis and periodontitis markers were higher in patients with IBD than in healthy control. No clear association was found between IBD clinical activity and periodontitis
Koutsochristou et al[76] 2015	55 children and adolescents with IBD and 55 controls. Community periodontal treatment needs indices were evaluated	More clinical signs of gingival inflammation and increased periodontal treatment needs were observed in children and adolescents with IBD

CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.