Gastric cancer cells induce human CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells through the production of TGF-β1

Table 1 Serum levels of transforming growth factor-β1 and the population of CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs in patients with gastric cancer according to clinicopathological findings

Variables	n	TGF-β1 (ng/mL)	P	Tregs (%)	P
Gender			> 0.05		> 0.05
Male	38	16.1 ± 6.8		8.0 ± 3.2
Female	18	14.0 ± 5.1		7.6 ± 2.5
Age			> 0.05		> 0.05
< 55	25	14.1 ± 4.1		8.2 ± 4.1
> 55	31	15.9 ± 4.6		7.7 ± 3.5
TNM stage			< 0.05		< 0.05
Early stage (I/II)	22	12.4 ± 5.0		6.3 ± 1.2
Advanced stage (III/IV)	34	18.1 ± 7.8		8.8 ± 2.4
Histological type			> 0.05		> 0.05
Well and Moderately	20	14.1 ± 4.9		7.0 ± 3.7
Poor	36	16.8 ± 7.9		8.6 ± 4.5
Lymph node metastasis			< 0.05		< 0.05
Negative	18	11.2 ± 5.2		6.5 ± 2.4
Positive	38	17.4 ± 7.2		8.6 ± 2.9

TGF: Transforming growth factor; Tregs: Regulatory T cells.