Autonomic nervous system as a key modulator in stress-related inflammatory bowel disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Figure 1 Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. As a critical risk factor, stress interacts with genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers to promote disease via neuroendocrine-immune dysregulation, heightened gut inflammation, dysbiosis, and barrier dysfunction, collectively driving inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease. The pattern was created with BioGDP.com[14,15].