Wenyang Jiedu Huayu Formula targets succinate metabolism to alleviate acute-on-chronic liver failure

Figure 2 Wenyang Jiedu Huayu Formula ameliorates liver injury and inflammatory response in acute-on-chronic liver failure rats. A: Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver sections from each group. Black arrows indicate hepatocellular necrosis, green arrows indicate ballooning degeneration, and yellow arrows indicate inflammatory cell infiltration. Scale bars: 200 μm (× 40), 100 μm (× 100), 50 μm (× 200), 20 μm (× 400); B: Levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10, in liver tissue homogenates measured by ELISA; C: Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10 measured by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6 per group). ^aP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.0001. NC: Normal control group; WYJD: Wenyang Jiedu Huayu Formula; WYIN: Wenyang Jiedu Huayu Formula plus dimethyl malonate; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.