Salidroside mitigates experimental colitis through cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway activation and suppression of enteric glial cell responses

Figure 8 Salidroside protected the intestinal mucosal barrier in dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced colitis mice by inhibiting enteric glial cells activation. A: The ultrastructural characteristics of the colonic mucosal epithelium. The black triangle indicates the tight junctions between the epithelial cells of the mucosa. Control group (A1); Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) group (A2); DSS + salidroside (Sal) group (A3); DSS + Sal + H89 group (A4); The magnified images show the corresponding black square areas in greater detail (A5-A8); B: Western blotting analysis was conducted to assess the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the colon of the mice; C: Western blotting analysis was conducted to assess the expression levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphorylated PKA (p-PKA) in the colon of the mice; D-G: Quantitative analysis was carried out for the expression levels of GFAP (D), GDNF (E), PKA (F), and p-PKA/PKA (G) proteins; H: Western blotting analysis was conducted to assess the expression levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein (CREB) and phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) in the colon of the mice; I and J: Quantitative analysis was carried out for the expression levels of CREB (I) and p-CREB/CREB (J) proteins. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 4), P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s test for Figure 7D-G, I and J. ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium salt; Sal: Salidroside; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; GDNF: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PKA: Protein kinase A; p-PKA: Phosphorylated protein kinase A; CREB: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein; p-CREB: Phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein.