Dual therapy with vildagliptin and sacubitril/valsartan alleviates portal hypertension and inhibits soluble epoxide hydrolase in cirrhotic rats

Figure 1 Portal and systemic hemodynamics in choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet-fed rats. A: Experimental design of choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet-fed rats; B and C: Portal vein pressure (B) and portal blood flow (C) at the end of experiment; D: Pearson’s correlation between portal vein pressure and portal blood flow in all of experimental rats; E: Intrahepatic vascular resistance (calculated as portal vein pressure/portal blood flow); F-H: Heart rates (F), mean arterial pressure (G), and cardiac index (H) (calculated as cardiac output/100 g body weight) at the end of experiment; I: Systemic vascular resistance (calculated as mean arterial pressure/cardiac index); J: Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) resistance (calculated as mean arterial pressure/SMA blood flow). Data are the mean ± SD (n = 6). ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. Significant difference between groups determined by Student’s t-test. CSANFD: Choline-supplemented L-amino acid-defined, normal-fat diet; CDAHFD: Choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet; DPP4-I: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; ARNI: Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; Veh: Vehicle (saline)-treated groups; DP4i: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (vildagliptin)-treated group; Car: Carvedilol-treated group; ARNI group: Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril/valsartan)-treated group; CS: Choline-supplemented L-amino acid-defined, normal-fat diet-fed group; CD: Choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat die-fed groups. “Both group” defined dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor-treated group.