TSC22D1 promotes liver sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction and induces macrophage M1 polarization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Figure 3 High-fat diet upregulates TSC22D1 expression and promotes liver sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction. A: Hematoxylin eosin, Sirius red, and Oil red O staining of liver tissues from three groups of mice; B: Biochemical indices of the three groups of mice; C: Electron microscopy showing fenestrae in liver tissues with orange arrows; D: Immunohistochemical staining for cluster of differentiation (CD) 34, laminin, and angiotensin-2; E: Immunohistochemical staining for α-smooth muscle actin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin; F: Western blot analysis for TSC22D1 expression; G: Immunofluorescence staining for CD31 and TSC22D1. Scale bar 100 μm, 100 × magnification. Scale bar 50 μm, 200 × magnification. Scale bar 2 μm, 5000 × magnification. n = 6 mice each group. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. One-way analysis of variance. HE: Hematoxylin eosin; HFD: High-fat diet; CD: Cluster of differentiation; Ang-2: Angiotensin-2; NS: No significant; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TG: Triglyceride; SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; SMA: Smooth muscle actin; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.