Cardiopulmonary changes and its association with clinical features in noncirrhotic portal hypertension

Table 2 Factors associated with shunting

Characteristics	Shunt present (n = 17)	Shunt absent (n = 21)	P value1
Age (years)	51 (39-61)	49 (41-57)	0.7
Male gender, n (%)	8 (47)	16 (76)	0.09
Body mass index (kg/m2)	24.1 (23.4-28.7)	23.5 (21.9-25.7)	0.04
Heart rate (bpm)	70 (63-78)	68 (60-70)	0.1
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	116 (101-124)	116 (105-127)	0.6
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	61 (60-69)	68 (62-70)	0.2
Oxygen saturation (%)	97 (96-98)	98 (97-99)	0.08
Had features of portal hypertension (%)2	15 (88)	13 (62)	0.1
Smoking status			0.6
Current or previous smoker, n (%)	5 (29)	8 (38)
Non-smoker, n (%)	12 (71)	13 (62)
Underlying disorder			< 0.01
Immunodeficiency, n (%)	3 (18)	13 (62)
Autoimmune disorders, n (%)	1 (5)	1 (5)
Hematological disorders, n (%)	2 (12)	1 (5)
Exposure to medication, n (%)	2 (12)	2 (9)
Genetic disorders, n (%)	3 (18)
CVID and exposure to drugs, n (%)		1 (5)
Undiagnosed, n (%)	6 (35)	3 (14)
Medication use
Beta blockers, n (%)	8 (47)	8 (38)	0.7
Diuretics, n (%)	5 (29)	5 (24)	0.7
Antihypertensives, n (%)	2 (12)	3 (14)	0.9
Antidiabetics including insulin, n (%)	4 (24)	1 (5)	0.2
Immunomodulators, n (%)	3 (18)	9 (43)	0.2
Sodium (mEq/L)	138 (138-140)	138 (138-139)	0.3
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 (0.7-0.9)	0.8 (0.7-0.9)	0.6
Albumin (g/dL)	3.9 (3.8-4.2)	3.9 (3.6-4.2)	0.6
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	13.5 (10.8-14.2)	12.9 (11.8-14.4)	0.6
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	2.3 (1.4-3.6)	1.9 (1.0-5.2)	0.1
Prothrombin time (seconds)	14.2 (13.4-15.4)	14.1 (13.0-14.5)	0.2
International normalized ratio	1.1 (1.0-1.2)	1.1 (0.9-1.1)	0.2
Platelet count (109/L)	85 (65-146)	97 (60-144)	0.8
Alanine aminotransferase, ALT (U/L)	32 (25-53)	45 (26-76)	0.2
Aspartate aminotransferase, AST (U/L)	42 (32-49)	46 (30-71)	0.7
Chenodeoxycholic acid (nmol/mL)	6.1 (2.0-14.5)	4.1 (1.2-1.0)	0.1
Cholic acid (nmol/mL)	4.8 (1.8-11.1)	1.3 (0.7-10.4)	0.7
Deoxycholic acid (nmol/mL)	1.7 (0.8-9.1)	0.9 (0.1-2.4)	0.09
Ursodeoxycholic acid (nmol/mL)	0.4 (0.2-1.7)	0.3 (0.1-0.7)	0.2
Primary bile acid (nmol/mL)	14.2 (3.8-26.0)	5.1 (2.0-18.7)	0.3
Secondary bile acid (nmol/mL)	1.7 (1.2-11.6)	1.3 (0.3-2.4)	0.08
Total Bile acid (nmol/mL)	15.9 (5.2-33.0)	7.5 (4.4-22.2)	0.2
Spleen length (cm)	16.2 (12.7-20.0)	15.8 (12.6-18.7)	0.8
Wedged hepatic venous pressure (mmHg)3	23 (14-27)	19 (14-26)	0.6
Free hepatic vein pressure (mmHg)3	13 (10-15)	11 (9-15)	0.4
Hepatic venous pressure gradient (mmHg)3	8 (5-11)	6 (3-14)	0.6
AST/ALT ratio	1.3 (1.0-1.4)	1.0 (0.8-1.1)	0.04
FIB-4 index	3.7 (2.0-5.0)	3.3 (1.6-6.6)	0.9
MELD-Na	10.0 (8.0-10.0)	8.0 (7.0-10.0)	0.7
Liver stiffness measurement (kPa)	12.4 (7.2-16.8)	7.1 (5.4-10.3)	0.03

¹P values show a comparison among the groups using either Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and corrected χ² test or a 2-sided Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.

²Features of portal hypertension were defined by presence of gastric, esophageal, or ectopic varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy, or the presence of ascites or portosystemic shunting in imaging.

³30 patients (14 with shunt and 16 without shunt) underwent transjugular portal pressure measurement.

Data presented as median (IQR), mean (SD) or n (%). MELD-Na: Model for end-stage liver disease-sodium; CVID: Common variable immunodeficiency; AST/ALT: Aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase.