Cardiopulmonary changes and its association with clinical features in noncirrhotic portal hypertension

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the cohort

Baseline characteristics	Overall cohort (n = 42)	NCPH (n = 32)	Preclinical NCPH (n = 10)	P value1
Age (years)	52 (41-61)	52 (43 – 62)	49 (40-59)	0.5
Gender, male (%)	26 (62)	20 (63)	6 (60)	0.9
Body mass index (kg/m2)	24.1 (22.1-26.8)	24.0 (22.6-26.8)	25.3 (19.0-26.6)	0.2
Heart rate (bpm)	69 (62-74)	69 (63-74)	69 (60-74)	0.5
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	116 (104-127)	114 (103-125)	126 (115-132)	0.2
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	67 (60-71)	62 (59-72)	68 (68-70)	0.3
Oxygen saturation (%)	97 (96-98)	98 (96-99)	97 (96-98)	0.6
Smoking status				0.05
Current or previous smoker, n (%)	15 (36)	14 (44)	1 (10)
Non-smoker, n (%)	27 (64)	18 (56)	9 (90)
Underlying disorder				< 0.01
Immunodeficiency, n (%)	17 (40)	9 (28)	8 (80)
Autoimmune disorders, n (%)	2 (5)	2 (6)
Hematological disorders, n (%)	4 (10)	3 (9)	1 (10)
Exposure to medication, n (%)	4 (10)	4 (13)
Genetic disorders, n (%)	3 (7)	2 (6)	1 (10)
CVID and exposure to drugs, n (%)	1 (2)	1 (3)
Undiagnosed, n (%)	11 (26)	11 (35)
Medication use
Beta blockers, n (%)	17 (40)	17 (53)
Diuretics, n (%)	13 (31)	11 (34)	2 (20)	0.4
Antihypertensives, n (%)	6 (14)	5 (16)	1 (10)	0.4
Antidiabetics including insulin, n (%)	6 (14)	5 (16)	1 (10)	0.4
Immunomodulators, n (%)	12 (29)	7 (22)	5 (50)	0.08
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	12.9 (11.1-14.4)	12.7 (11.0-14.1)	13.3 (12.8-15.4)	0.06
Sodium (mEq/L)	138 (138-140)	138 (138-141)	139 (138-139)	0.6
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 (0.7-0.9)	0.8 (0.7-0.9)	0.8 (0.7 – 1.0)	0.9
Albumin (g/dL)	3.9 (3.7-4.2)	3.9 (3.7-4.2)	4.1 (3.6-4.2)	0.7
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	2.2 (1.0-4.5)	2.3 (1.2-4.9)	1.7 (1.0 – 3.0)	0.09
Prothrombin time (seconds)	14.2 (13.1-15.0)	14.4 (13.6-15.3)	12.9 (12.7-13.8)	< 0.01
International normalized ratio	1.1 (0.9-1.2)	1.1 (1.0-1.2)	1.0 (0.9-1.0)	< 0.01
Platelet count (109/L)	94 (62-153)	77.5 (53.8-134)	171 (128-246)	0.02
Alanine aminotransferase, AST (U/L)	45 (25-60)	40 (26-59)	45 (25-77)	0.6
Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT (U/L)	46 (31-62)	44 (31-60)	46.5 (31.3-75.3)	0.6
AST/ALT ratio	1.1 (0.9-1.3)	1.1 (0.9-1.3)	1.1 (1.0-1.2)	0.9
Fibrosis-4 index	3.4 (1.9-6.3)	4.1 (2.7-7.4)	1.5 (1.4-2.6)	< 0.01
MELD-Na	9 (8-10)	9 (8-10)	8 (7-10)	0.06
Liver stiffness measurement (kPa)	8.6 (6.0-13.5)	11.6 (7.7-14.5)	5.3 (4.3-6.1)	< 0.01
Hepatic venous pressure gradient (mmHg)2	6 (4-11)	10 (5-15)	4 (3-5)	< 0.01

¹P values show a comparison among those with and without portal hypertension cohort using either Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and corrected χ² test or a 2-sided Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.

²30 patients (23 with portal hypertension and 7 without portal hypertension) underwent transjugular portal pressure measurement.

Data presented as median (IQR), mean (SD) or n (%). MELD-Na: Model for end-stage liver disease-sodium; CVID: Common variable immunodeficiency; NCPH: Noncirrhotic portal hypertension; AST/ALT: Aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase.