Gut-liver axis in diabetes: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

Figure 4 Key therapeutic strategies targeting the gut-liver axis in diabetes. This schematic illustrates therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring gut-liver axis homeostasis in the context of type 2 diabetes. Microbiota modulation, through probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation which enhances intestinal integrity by strengthening the epithelial barrier and promoting beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. Improved barrier function reduces microbial translocation, subsequently decreasing hepatic inflammation. In parallel, anti-inflammatory agents directly target hepatic immune activation, contributing to improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic regulation.