Gastrointestinal tract, its pathophysiology and in-vitro models: A “quick” reference guide to translational studies

Figure 4 Depiction of the effects of dysbiosis on the human body. This diagram illustrates the interconnected relationship between gut microbiota and various organ systems through distinct gut-organ axes. Central to this interaction is dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbiota, which contributes to multiple diseases. It is evident that changes of the microbiota have a systemic impact beyond the digestive system, demonstrating its role in health and disease through multiple organ interactions. Microbial metabolites act as an inflammatory stimulus which elicits a generalized inflammation. Furthermore, these metabolites (lipopolysaccharides, fatty acids, bile acids etc.) have to be digested finally arrive to the liver. This elicits further inflammation via activation of Kupffer cells.