Deep learning-based localization and lesion detection in capsule endoscopy for patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding

Figure 1 Overview of artificial intelligence model. The artificial intelligence system is a two-stage process that first localizes the small bowel in capsule endoscopy videos and then detects lesions such as bleeding, erosion/ulcers, and angiodysplasia. It utilizes convolutional neural network models along with post-processing and ensemble techniques to enhance accuracy and consistency across video frames. NL: Normal mucosa (including debris, bile, and bubbles); BL: Bleeding (active bleeding or visible fresh blood); GT: Ground truth; UL: Erosions/ulcers; CNN: Convolutional neural network; ANG: Angiodysplasia