Deep learning-based localization and lesion detection in capsule endoscopy for patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding

Table 1 Diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence model for localization and lesion detection methods on the test dataset

	Diagnostic performance (%) (95%CI)
	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV	NPV	AUC
Localization
Stomach	99.4 (99.4-99.4)	98.7 (98.6-98.7)	99.6 (99.6-99.6)	98.6 (98.6-98.6)	99.6 (99.6-99.7)	100 (100.0-100.0)
Small-bowel	97.4 (97.4-97.4)	96.1 (96.1-96.1)	97.9 (97.9-97.9)	94.7 (94.7-94.7)	98.5 (98.5-98.5)	99.5 (99.5-99.5)
Colon	97.5 (97.4-97.5)	97.1 (97.1-97.1)	97.8 (97.8-97.8)	97.9 (97.9-97.9)	97.0 (97.0-97.0)	99.6 (99.6-99.6)
Detection of small-bowel abnormalities
Normal	99.3 (99.3-99.3)	99.5 (99.5-99.5)	95.3 (95.2-95.5)	99.8 (99.8-99.8)	86.4 (86.5-86.9)	99.1 (99.0-99.1)
Abnormal
Erosions/ulcers	99.4 (99.4-99.4)	90.1 (89.8-90.2)	99.7 (99.7-99.7)	89.1 (88.8-89.3)	99.7 (99.7-99.7)	98.9 (98.8-98.9)
Angiodysplasia	99.8 (99.8-99.8)	100 (100.0-100.0)	99.8 (99.8-99.8)	58.8 (64.0-65.3)	100 (100.0-100.0)	99.7 (99.7-99.7)
Bleeding	99.9 (99.9-99.9)	100 (100.0-100.0)	99.9 (99.9-99.9)	66.7 (71.9-73.6)	100 (100.0-100.0)	99.9 (99.9-99.9)

PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; AUC: Area under receiver-operating characteristic curve.