Cardiometabolic diseases in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: An evidence-based review

Table 4 Observational studies examining the risk of cardiovascular disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease[16,98,99]

Ref.	Country	Study type	Total number of IBD patients (CD/UC/IBD-U)	Risk in IBD vs non-IBD HR (95%CI)	Risk in CD vs non-IBD HR (95%CI)	Risk in UC vs non-IBD HR (95%CI)
Ischaemic heart disease
Zhu et al[16]	United Kingdom	Prospective cross-sectional cohort	5496 (1861/3635)		HR = 0.93 (0.64-1.36)	HR = 1.29 (1.03-1.62)
Heart failure
Aniwan et al[99]	United States	Retrospective cohort	736 (339/397/-)	aHR = 2.03 (1.36-3.03)	aHR = 1.73 (0.98-3.07)	aHR = 2.06 (1.18-3.65)
Zhu et al[16]	United Kingdom	Prospective cross-sectional cohort	5496 (1861/3635/-)		HR = 1.72 (1.22-2.42)	HR = 1.38 (1.07-1.80)
Sun et al[98]	Sweden	Prospective cross-sectional cohort	81749 (24303/45709/11737)	aHR = 1.19 (1.15-1.23)	aHR = 1.28 (1.20-1.36)	aHR = 1.14 (1.09-1.19)
Ischaemic stroke
Zhu et al[16]	United Kingdom	Prospective cross-sectional cohort	5496 (1861/3635/-)		HR = 1.32 (0.82-2.12)	HR = 1.59 (1.16-2.14)

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; IBD-U: Inflammatory bowel disease unclassified; HR: Hazard ratio; aHR: Adjusted hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.