Recent advances and challenges in colorectal cancer: From molecular research to treatment

Figure 5 Key signaling pathways in colorectal cancer such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, transforming growth factor beta signaling. Created with MedPeer (medpeer.cn). Copyright permission has been obtained in the Supplementary material. MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; JAK: Janus activated kinase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; SMAD: Sma and mad homolog; GPT: Guanosine Triphosphate; SOS: Son of sevenless; GRB2: Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; TCF: T-cell factor; LEF: Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition.