Development and validation of a radiomics-based prediction model for variceal bleeding in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome-related gastroesophageal varices

Table 2 Comparison of patient characteristics between the training and validation cohorts

Variables	Training cohort (n = 334)	Validation cohort (n = 110)	P value
Age (years)	51.4 ± 11.1	51.9 ± 10.3	0.663
Sex (male)	193 (57.8)	66 (60)	0.683
Diabetes	26 (7.8)	6 (5.5)	0.412
Ascites	131 (39.2)	46 (41.8)	0.630
Hepatic encephalopathy	10 (3)	3 (2.7)	1
IVC or HV thrombosis	60 (18)	28 (25.5)	0.087
Portal vein thrombosis	20 (6)	3 (2.7)	0.181
Spleen thickness (mm)	45 (39, 49)	43 (38, 51)	0.700
Portal vein diameter (mm)	12.7 (10.2, 14.6)	12.7 (10, 15)	0.763
BCS type			0.389
HV type	69 (20.6)	17 (15.5)
Mixed type	227 (68)	77 (70)
IVC type	38 (11.4)	16 (14.5)
Child-Pugh grade			0.683
A	210 (62.9)	72 (65.4)
B	110 (32.9)	32 (29.1)
C	14 (4.2)	6 (5.5)
ALBI, median (IQR)	-2.34 (-2.74, -1.89)	-2.31 (-2.64, -1.85)	0.494
MELD, median (IQR)	4.74 (2.18, 8.00)	4.14 (1.60, 7.34)	0.252
Use of anticoagulant medication	271 (81.1)	73 (66.4)	0.001
Invasive treatment to relieve hepatic venous outflow obstruction	276 (82.6)	95 (86.4)	0.360
White blood cell (× 109/L)	3.4 (2.7, 4.4)	3.7 (2.7, 5.0)	0.107
Red blood cell (× 1012/L)	4.0 (3.5, 4.4)	4 (3.6, 4.6)	0.145
Hemoglobin (g/L)	122 (105, 136)	124 (106, 140.3)	0.358
Platelet (× 109/L)	86 (65, 118.3)	91 (67, 141)	0.434
Sodium (mmol/L)	142 (140, 143.5)	142 (140, 143.3)	0.677
Creatinine (µmol/L)	56 (47, 67)	55 (44, 65.3)	0.251
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	22 (17, 27.2)	19.7 (15.6, 29.1)	0.126
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	28 (23, 35)	27.3 (21.7, 34.5)	0.357
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L)	61 (35.8, 117)	64.2 (45.0, 111.6)	0.272
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)	92 (72, 121.3)	96.4 (79, 127.3)	0.273
Total protein (g/L)	63.2 (58.5, 67.7)	62.6 (57.6, 67.6)	0.526
Albumin (g/L)	38 (33.3, 41.8)	37.7 (33.3, 41.3)	0.672
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)	21 (13.9, 33.4)	22.8 (15.1, 35.4)	0.536
Prothrombin time (s)	14.8 (13.8, 16.4)	14.6 (13.2, 16.1)	0.064

BCS: Budd-Chiari syndrome; IVC: Inferior vena cava; HV: Hepatic veins; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease.