sTREM-1 as promising prognostic biomarker for acute-on-chronic liver failure and mortality in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients according to the development of acute-on-chronic liver failure during 28-d follow-up, n (%)

Variable	No ACLF during1 Follow-up (n = 340)	ACLF during Follow-up (n = 36)	P value	Multivariate logistic regression
				RR (95%CI)	P value
Age (yr)	51 ± 12	51 ± 12	0.959
Sex, female	120 (35%)	8 (22%)	0.115
Etiology
HBV	204 (60%)	27 (75%)	0.079
HCV	28 (8%)	1 (3%)	0.402
Alcohol	54 (16%)	5 (14%)	0.755
Autoimmune	48 (14%)	3 (8%)	0.479
Others	29 (9%)	3 (8%)	0.968
Bacterial infection	105 (31%)	21 (58%)	0.001
UGIB	71 (21%)	4 (11%)	0.240
Ascites	240 (71%)	33 (92%)	0.012		0.057
HE (I-II/III-IV)	25/6	0/0	0.167
WBC (×109/L)	4.5 (3.0-6.1)	6.3 (4.8-8.1)	< 0.001		0.991
Hb (g/L)	108 (87-124)	116 (102-126)	0.165
Platelets (×109/L)	69 (47-111)	63 (45-91)	0.247
Albumin (g/L)	30 (27-34)	30 (26-33)	0.744
ALT (U/L)	46 (26-118)	132 (67-321)	< 0.001		0.236
AST (U/L)	63 (38-136)	183 (107-326)	< 0.001	1.971 (1.228-3.163)	0.005
TBil (mg/dL)	3.1 (1.4-8.9)	16.1 (10.0-26.8)	< 0.001	3.151 (1.717-5.782)	< 0.001
INR	1.4 (1.2-1.7)	1.9 (1.6-2.2)	< 0.001	13.841 (2.021-94.767)	0.007
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.7 (0.6-0.9)	0.8 (0.6-1.0)	0.297		0.929
BUN (mmol/L)	4.6 (3.5-6.7)	5.6 (3.5-8.2)	0.219	3.302 (1.352-8.067)	0.009
Sodium (mmol/L)	138 (135-140)	136 (132-139)	0.016		0.962
CRP (mg/L)	3.2 (1.6-4.0)	3.7 (3.3-4.1)	0.006		0.339
PCT (μg/L)	0.1 (0.1-0.3)	0.4 (0.2-0.6)	< 0.001		0.709
sCD14-ST (mg/L)	1.2 (1.0-1.5)	1.2 (1.0-1.6)	0.226
sTREM-1 (μg/L)	0.8 (0.6-1.0)	1.2 (1.0-1.3)	< 0.001	3.023 (1.053-8.677)	0.040
Organ failure
Liver	58 (17%)	21 (58%)	< 0.001
Coagulation	5 (2%)	5 (14%)	< 0.001
Cerebral	6 (2%)	0 (0%)	1.000
Lung	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1.000
Circulation	1 (0%)	0 (0%)	1.000
Kidney	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1.000
MELD	11 ± 7	20 ± 5	< 0.001
MELD-Na	12 (7-18)	24 (20-29)	< 0.001
CLIF-C ACLF	33 (28-38)	39 (35-42)	< 0.001
CLIF-C AD	44 ± 8	53 ± 8	< 0.001
P-AD	2.6 (2.1-3.3)	4.1 (3.5-4.5)	< 0.001
ACLF-R	6.6 (5.0-8.4)	10.5 (9.7-11.3)	< 0.001

¹No liver transplantation and acute-on-chronic liver failure score development during 28-d follow-up.

The data are expressed as mean ± SD, medians (interquartile range) or number of patients (%). Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and χ² test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables.

ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure score; UGIB: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; TBil: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; INR: International normalized ratio; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; sCD14-ST: Soluble CD14 subtype; sTREM-1: Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; MELD-Na: Model for end-stage liver disease -sodium; CLIF-C ACLF: Chronic liver failure-consortium acute-on-chronic liver failure score score. CLIF-C AD: Chronic liver failure-consortium acute decompensation score; P-AD: Prognostic model of acute decompensation; ACLF-R: Acute-on-chronic liver failure score risk score; RR: Relative risk.