Dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound in gastrointestinal diseases: A current trend or an indispensable tool?

Table 4 Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound and inflammatory bowel diseases

Ref.	Study design/number of patients	Object of D-CEUS	Population/groups	Machine/UCA/Software	Significant results (P < 0.05)
Laterza et al[60], 2021	Prospective/44	CD	Patients with CD treated with anti-TNFα/responders vs non-responders	iU22/SonoVue/QLAB	Correlation between decrease in PI, AUC, Pw, and MTT and response to therapy
Goertz et al[57], 2018	Prospective/18	CD and UC	Patients with CD or UC treated with vedolizumab/responders vs non-responders	Acuson S2000/SonoVue/VueBox	WiR was lower in responders’ group after 14 wk
Wilkens et al[56], 2018	Retrospective/104	CD	Patients with severe CD underwent CEUS/normal vs atypical intensity decline on CEUS	iU22/Definity/QLAB	AUC, wash-out time, and intensity at 60s and 120s were higher in atypical decline group and this correlated with bad outcomes
Quaia et al[53], 2017	Prospective/65	CD	Patients with CD with terminal ileal loop stricture histologically characterized/inflammatory vs fibrostenotic disease	iU22/SonoVue/VueBox	PE, WiR, WiPI, AUC, WiAUC and WoAUC were higher in inflammatory group compared to fibrostenotic gruoup. TTP was not different between the two groups
Medellin-Kowalewski et al[55], 2016	Retrospective/127	CD	Patients with CD underwent US and CEUS	iU22/Definity/QLAB	PE correlate with wall thickness
Quaia et al[61], 2016	Prospective/50	CD	Patient with CD underwent medical treatment/responders vs non-responders	iU22/SonoVue/VueBox	Changes in PE, WiR, WoR, WiPI, AUC, WiAUC, and WoAUC from baseline to six weeks after therapy differed between responders and non-responses
Socaciu et al[58], 2015	Prospective/38	CD and UC	Patients with CD or CU candidate for medical treatment	Logiq 7/SonoVue/SonoLiver	Logarithm of AUC correlated with endoscopic improvement in both diseases
Saevik et al[59], 2014	Prospective/14	CD	Patients with CD started medical treatment/remission vs treatment failure	Logiq E9/SonoVue/VueBox	PE, WiR, WoR, and WiAUC were different between two groups at 1 mo of treatment
Romanini et al[50], 2014	Prospective/33	CD	Patients with CD undergoing colonoscopy and biopsy	Sequoia 512/SonoVue/Qontrast	Correlation between high vascular density and Peak% and regional blood flow
Ripollés et al[51], 2013	Prospective/25	CD	Patients with CD undergoing elective bowel resection/inflammatory vs fibrostenotic disease	Aplio 80/SonoVue/Software in Aplio 80 system	The percentage of increase in contrast enhancement of the bowel wall in inflammatory lesions was greater than fibrotic lesions
Nylund et al[52], 2013	Prospective/33	CD	Patient with CD underwent surgery or medical treatment/inflammatory vs fibrostenotic disease	Logiq E9/SonoVue/Custom software	Blood flow and blood volume were higher in the medical group compared to surgery group
Girlich et al[54], 2012	Prospective/11	UC	Patients with UC undergoing endoscopy	Logiq E9/SonoVue/Qontrast	Negative correlation between TTP/Peak% and histopathological score
Girlich et al[49], 2011	Prospective/20	CD	Patients with planned bowel surgery due to CD	Logiq 9/SonoVue/Qontrast	Negative correlation between TTP and histopathological score. Positive correlation with single items of the score
Girlich et al[48], 2009	Prospective/20	CD	Patients with active CD vs healthy volunteers	Logiq 9/SonoVue/Qontrast	Higher PE and regional blood volume and shorter TTP in CD

AUC: Area under the curve; CD: Crohn’s disease; CEUS: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; D-CEUS: Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound; MTT: Mean transit time; PE: Peak enhancement; PI: Peak intensity; Pw: Slope coefficient of wash-in; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TTP: Time to peak; UC: Ulcerative colitis; UCA: Ultrasound contrast agent; US: Ultrasound; WiAUC: Wash-in area under the curve; WiPi: Wash-in ratio index; WiR: Wash-in rate; WoR: Wash-out rate.