Per-oral endoscopic myotomy is safe and effective for pediatric patients with achalasia: A long-term follow-up study

Table 2 Procedure‑related characteristics and complications of pediatric group and control group, n (%)

			Pediatric group	Control group	P value
Technique success			48 (100.0)	1016 (99.1)	> 0.999
Length of tunnel, mean (range), cm			10.8 (7-14)	11.2 (5-20)	0.206
Length of esophageal myotomy, mean (range), cm			5.3 (1-9)	5.2 (3-15)	0.529
Length of gastric myotomy, mean (range), cm			1.9 (0-4)	1.9 (0-4)	0.648
Types of myotomy					0.458
	Progressive full-thickness myotomy		42 (87.5)	792 (78.0)
	Full-thickness muscle myotomy		3 (6.3)	98 (9.6)
	Circular muscle myotomy		1 (2.1)	56 (5.5)
	Others1		2 (4.2)	70 (6.9)
Procedure time, mean (range), min			43.9 (24-116)	47.1 (14-160)	0.394
Complications			7 (14.6)	148 (14.6)	0.997
	Mucosa injury		3 (6.2)	84 (8.3)
	Gas-related adverse event
		Pneumothorax	0 (0.0)	3 (0.3)
		Pneumoperitoneum	2 (4.2)	27 (2.7)
		Subcutaneous emphysema	2 (4.2)	32 (3.2)
	Pleural effusion		0 (0.0)	1 (0.1)
	Bleeding		0 (0.0)	1 (0.1)

¹Other types of myotomy include circular muscle incision plus balloon plasty and glass-style anti-reflux myotomy.