Clinical diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer: Markers, molecular mechanisms, and treatment options

Table 2 Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for pancreatic cancer patients

Drug names	Conditions	Targets	Ref.
Belzutifan	Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors	An inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α	[93,94]
Erlotinib hydrochloride	Gemcitabine hydrochloride-treated PC, not removable with surgery, with metastasis or local progression	An EGFR inhibitor	[95,96]
Everolimus	Progressive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, not removable with surgery, with metastasis or local advance	A mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor	[97,98]
Fluorouracil, also called 5-FU	Pancreatic cancer	An anti-metabolite drug with multiple functions such as inhibition of cellular thymidylate synthase to prevent DNA replication and inhibit RNA synthesis	[99,100]
Gemcitabine hydrochloride	PC with metastasis, local advance, or fluorouracil treatment	An antimetabolite drug and an inhibitor of DNA synthesis	[101,102]
Irinotecan hydrochloride liposome	Metastatic PC or gemcitabine hydrochloride-treated PC with precision	An inhibitor of topoisomerase I	[103,104]
Mitomycin	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma with local advance or metastasis to other parts of the body, which has no approvement with other types of treatment	An inhibitor of DNA synthesis and thioredoxin reductase	[105,106]
Olaparib	Metastatic PC after first-line therapy with platinum chemotherapy and with certain germline mutations in the breast cancer 1 or BRCA2 gene	A poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor	[107,108]
Paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation	PC with metastasis	It prevents cell mitosis and inhibits the growth of cancer cells	[109,110]
Sunitinib malate	Progressive neuroendocrine tumors that are not removable with surgery, with metastasis to other parts of the body or local advance	An antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor	[111,112]

EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; PC: Pancreatic cancer.