Nanotechnology for colorectal cancer detection and treatment

Table 3 Currently available colorectal cancer treatment methods

Treatment methods	Types/medication details	Side-effects	Stages	Ref.
Surgery	Laparoscopic surgery	Pain; tenderness; irritation and itching; constipation or diarrhea	I, II, III, IV	[32,44]
	Colostomy for rectal cancer
	Radiofrequency ablation or cryoablation
Radiation therapy	External-beam radiation therapy	Fatigue; mild skin reactions; bleeding in stools; constipation or diarrhea; infertility	II, III, IV	[33,34]
	Stereotactic radiation therapy
	Intraoperative radiation therapy
	Brachytherapy
Chemotherapy	Capecitabine (Xeloda)	Vomiting; nausea; diarrhea; mouth sores; neuropathy; fatigue; hair loss	II, III, IV	[36,39]
	Fluorouracil
	Irinotecan (Camptosar)
	Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin)
	Trifluridine/tipiracil (Lonsurf)
Targeted therapy	Anti-angiogenesis therapy	Rashes	IV	[38,45]
	Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors
	Combined targeted therapies
	Tumor-agnostic treatment
Immunotherapy	Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)	Fatigue; rashes, pain and itching; diarrhea; nausea; fever; vomiting; shortness of breath	III, IV	[46,47]
	Nivolumab (Opdivo)
	Dostarlimab (Jemperli)
	Nivolumab and ipilimumab (Yervoy) combination