Immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: Trends and challenges

Table 4 Overview of Immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of pancreatic cancer [PubMed Search (immunotherapy) AND (nanoparticle) AND (pancreatic cancer)]

Type of nanoparticle	Treatment strategy	Drugs or active substance involved	The main involvement of immune cells	Ref.
Clustered nanoparticle	ICIs, TGF-β receptor inhibitors	LY2157299, siPD-L1	T cells	Wang et al[133]
HAS-Liposomes	ICD, ICIs, PTT	BMS-202, IR780	DCs, CTLs, T cells	Yu et al[134]
Copolymers	ICIs	siPD-L1	CD8+T cells, NK cells	Jung et al[138]
LNPs	STING and TLR4 therapy	STING agonist, R4 agonist	DCs, Tregs, TAMs	Lorkowski et al[139]
Micellar nanoparticle	Inhibit G-MDSCs recruitment, chemotherapy	LMWH, PTX	G-MDSC, CD8+T cells, CD4+T cells	Lu et al[142]
UCNPs	Pyroptosis	K3ZrF7:Yb/Er UCNPs	DCs, memory T cells	Ding et al[148]
Cancer cell membrane with copolymers	ICIs, M2-macrophages targeting	M2pep, TAAs, PD-L1 antibody	TAMs, CD8+T cells	Wang et al[151]
PDSA-based nanoplatform	Suppression of FFAs, repolarization of TAMs	siMGLL, siCB-2	TAMs	Cao et al[152]
Copolymers	PTT, immunotherapy	ICG, IMQ, IONs	TAMs, CD8+T cells, CD4+T cells, CD4+T cells	Wang et al[153]
IONs	Repolarization of TAMs	Ferumoxytol	TAMs	Zanganeh et al[154]

ICIs: Immune checkpoint inhibitors; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; ICD: Immunogenic cell death; DCs: Dendritic cells; STING: Stimulator of interferon genes; LMWH: Low molecular weight heparin; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; G-MDSCs: Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells; UCNPs: Upconversion nanoparticles; M2pep: Peptides targeting M2-like macrophages; TAAs: Tumor-associated antigens; PDSA: Poly (disulfide amide); FFAs: Free fatty acids; siMGLL: MGLL siRNA; siCB-2: CB-2 siRNA; ICG Indocyanine green; IMQ: Imiquimod; IONs: Iron oxide nanoparticles; PTX: Paclitaxel; PTT: Photothermal therapy; TAMs: Tumor-associated macrophages; Tregs: Regulatory T lymphocytes; TLR: Toll-like receptor.