Exosomal glypican-1 is elevated in pancreatic cancer precursors and can signal genetic predisposition in the absence of endoscopic ultrasound abnormalities

Table 5 Biomarkers (glypican-1-positive circulating exosomes and carbohydrate antigen 19-9) profiles in the study groups, n = 88

Biomarker	MCL, n = 40	HR, n = 20	NLOD, n = 20	CG, n = 8	Total, n = 88	P value
GPC1+ crExos, %						< 0.001
Median	99.4	82.0	12.6	16.2	86.8
Min/Max	6.4/99.9	1.1/99.0	2.1/93.9	1.2/24.5	1.1/99.9
IQR	94.9-99.8	28.9-98.2	5.2-63.4	6.6-20.1	18.6-99.4
CA 19-9 in U/mL						NS
Median	20.4	16.9	18.8	30.6	18.4
Min/Max	8.5/206.6	8.3/28.0	12.8-48.7	13.7-69.6	8.3/206.6
IQR	14.0-35.8	11.7-18.1	16.6-23.4	15.0-40.8	14.2-27.7

P value for Kruskal-Wallis test. CA 19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CG: Control group; HR: Hereditary risk; IQR: Interquartile range; GPC1⁺ crExos: Glypican-1 positive circulating exosomes; Max: Maximum; MCL: Mucinous cystic lesion; Min: Minimum; NLOD: New-late onset diabetes mellitus; NS: Non-significant.