Gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: Manifestations, mechanism and management

Table 1 Incidence of common gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

Ref.	Patient number	Anorexia, nausea or vomiting, n (%)	Diarrhea, n (%)	Abdominal pain, n (%)
Kujawski et al[207], 2020	12	Nausea: 3 (25)	4 (33.3)	2 (16.7)
Hajifathalian et al[44], 2020	1059	Anorexia: 240 (22.7)	234 (22.1)	72 (6.8)
		Nausea: 168 (15.3)
		Vomiting: 91 (8.6)
Young et al[208], 2020	18	NA	3 (17)	NA
Tabata et al[209], 2020	104	NA	8 (9.6)	NA
Wölfel et al[210], 2020	9	NA	2 (22)	NA
Chen et al[26], 2020	99	Nausea and vomiting: 1 (1)	2 (2)	NA
Xu et al[27], 2020	62	NA	3 (8)	NA
Gritti et al[211], 2020	21	NA	5 (23.8)	NA
COVID-19 National Incident Room Surveillance Team[212]	295	Nausea: 34 (11.5)	48 (16.3)	6 (1)
COVID-19 National Emergency response Center[213]	28	NA	2 (7)	1 (4)
Sierpiński et al[214], 2020	1942	NA	470 (24.2)	NA
Wu et al[28], 2020	80	Nausea and vomiting: 1 (1.25)	1 (1.3)	NA
Wang et al[12], 2020	138	Anorexia: 55 (39.9)	14 (10.1)	3 (2.2)
		Nausea: 14 (10.1)
Shi et al[29], 2020	81	Anorexia: 1 (1)	3 (4)	NA
		Vomiting: 4 (5)
Yang et al[30], 2020	50	Vomiting: 2 (4)	NA	NA
Mo et al[31], 2020	155	Anorexia: 26 (31.7)	7 (4.5)	NA
		Nausea: 3 (3.7)
		Vomiting: 3 (3.7)
Qi et al[215], 2020	267	Anorexia: 46 (14.2)	10 (3.7)	NA
		Nausea: 6 (2.2)
Wen et al[216], 2020	417	NA	29 (7)	NA
Dan et al[217], 2020	305	Anorexia: 101(50.2)	146 (49.5)	12 (6)
		Nausea: 59 (29.4)
		Vomiting: 3 (2)
Ma et al[218], 2020	81	NA	6(7.41)	NA
Luo et al[41], 2020	1141	Anorexia: NA	68 (6)	45 (3.9)
		Nausea: 134 (11.7)
		Vomiting: 119 (10.4)
Liu et al[219], 2020	238	Anorexia: 14 (9.2)	14 (9.2)	1 (0.7)
		Nausea: 2 (1.3)
		Vomiting: 3 (2)
Ai et al[220], 2020	102	Anorexia: NA	15 (14.3)	3 (2.9)
		Nausea: 9 (8.8)
		Vomiting: 2 (2)
Zhao et al[221], 2020	75	NA	7 (9.3)	1 (1.3)
Li et al[222], 2020	83	NA	7 (8.4)	7 (8.4)
Lin et al[223], 2020	95	Anorexia: 17 (17.8)	23 (24.2)	2 (2.1)
		Nausea: 17 (17.9)
		Vomiting: 4 (4.2)
Cholankeril et al[224], 2020	207	Anorexia: NA	22 (10.8)	14 (7.1)
		Nausea: 22 (10.8)
		Vomiting: NA
Ferm et al[43], 2020	892	Anorexia: 105 (11.8)	177 (19.8)	70 (7.8)
		Nausea: 148 (16.6)
		Vomiting: 91 (10.2)
Redd et al[225], 2020	318	Anorexia: 110 (34.8)	107 (33.7)	46 (14.5)
		Nausea: 84 (26.4)
		Vomiting: 49 (15.4)
Kluytmans et al[226], 2020	86	NA	16 (18.6)	5 (5.8)

SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; NA: Not applicable; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.