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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 21, 2021; 27(27): 4413-4428
Published online Jul 21, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4413
Figure 2
Figure 2 Representative scheme of the several pathophysiological mechanisms involved in radiation proctitis: The hypoxia/hypocellularity/hypovascularisation, intestinal microbiota and the fibroatrophic theories. FGFb: Basic fibroblast growth factor; IGF1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; IL: Interleukin; INF-β: Interferon- beta; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor beta-1; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Citation: Adapted from Costa DA et al[21].