Status quo and future prospects of artificial neural network from the perspective of gastroenterologists

Table 4 Summary of existing studies of artificial neural networks applied in inflammatory bowel disease

Ref.	Disease	Aim	Number of samples	ANN technique	Included variables	Outcome
Ahmed et al[169], 2017	CD	Diagnosis	144 CD patients; 243 HC individuals	BPNN	103 variables	Accuracy 97.67%; sensitivity 96.07%; specificity 100%
Ananthakrishnan et al[154], 2017	UC and CD	Predicting treatment response to vedolizumab	43 UC patients; 42 CD patients	vedoNet	Gut microbiome	AUC of CD 88.1%; AUC of UC 85.3%
Anekboon et al[201], 2014	CD	Predicting single nucleotide polymorphisms	144 CD patients; 243 HC individuals	Multi-layer perceptron network	103 SNPs	Accuracy 90.4%; sensitivity 87.5%; specificity 92.2%
Dong et al[173], 2019	CD	Predicting the risk of surgical intervention in Chinese patients	83 patients with surgery; 83 patients without surgery	ANN	131 variables	Accuracy 90.89%; precision 46.83%; F1 score 0.5757
Fioravanti et al[202], 2018	IBD	Classification of metagenomics data	222 IBD patients; 38 HC individuals	CNN	Gut microbiota	-
Hardalaç et al[203], 2015	IBD	Predicting the effect of azathioprine on mucosal healing	129 IBD patients	BPNN	Age, age at diagnosis, usage of other medications prior to azathioprine use, smoking, sex, UC-CD	Accuracy 79.1%
Kirchberger-Tolstik et al[170], 2020	UC	Diagnosis	227 Raman maps with 567500 spectra	CNN	Images of Raman spectroscopy	sensitivity of 78%; specificity 93%
Klein et al[204], 2017	CD	Predicting the clinical phenotype	47 B1 patients; 19 B2 patients; 39 B3 patients	Two-layer FNN	H&E	B1 vs B2 phenotype: sensitivity 81%, specificity 74%, accuracy 75%, AUC 0.74; B1 vs B3 phenotype: sensitivity 69%, specificity 76%, accuracy 70.5%, AUC 0.78; B2 vs B3 phenotype: sensitivity 67%, specificity 72.5%, accuracy 69%, AUC 0.72
Lamash et al[71], 2019	CD	Visualization and quantitative estimation of CD	23 pediatric CD patients	CNN	MRI	DSCs of 75 ± 18%, 81 ± 8%, and 97 ± 2% for the lumen, wall, and background, respectively
Le et al[174], 2020	IBD	Predicting IBD and treatment status	68 CD patients; 53 UC patients; 34 HC individuals	Neural encoder-decoder (NED) network	Gut microbiota	CD vs HC: 95.2% AUC; UC vs HC: 92.5% AUC; CD vs UC: 81.8% AUC
Morilla et al[175], 2019	UC	Predicting treatment responses to infliximab for patients with acute severe UC	47 patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis	Deep neural network	MicroRNA profiles	84% accuracy; 0.82 AUC
Ozawa et al[112], 2019	UC	Identification of endoscopic inflammation severity	841 patients	CNN (GoogLeNet)	Colonoscopy images	0.86 AUC of Mayo 0; 0.98 AUC of Mayo 0-1
Peng et al[205], 2015	IBD	Predicting the frequency of relapse	569 UC patients; 332 CD patients	ANN	Meteorological data	High accuracy in predicting the frequency of relapse of IBD (MSE = 0.009, MAPE = 17.1 %)
Shepherd et al[171], 2014	IBD	Differential diagnosis between IBD and IBS	59 UC patients; 42 CD patients; 34 IBS patients; 46 HC individuals	Multi-layer perceptron neural network	Gas chromatograph coupled to a metal oxide sensor in stool samples	76% sensitivity, 88% specificity, 76% accuracy
Takayama et al[132], 2015	UC	Predicting treatment response to cytoapheresis	90 UC patients	Multi-layer perceptron neural network	13 clinical variables	96% sensitivity; 97% sensitivity
Tong et al[172], 2020	CD, UC and ITB	Differential diagnosis between CD, UC and ITB	5128 UC patients; 875 CD patients; ITB 396 patients	CNN	Differential features of endoscopic images between UC, CD and ITB	The precisions/recalls of UC-CD-ITB when employing the CNN were 0.99/0.97, 0.87/0.83, and 0.52/0.81, respectively

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn's disease; ITB: Intestinal tuberculosis; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; CNN: Convolutional neural network; BPNN: Back propagation neural network; FNN: Feedforward neural network; MSE: Mean square error; MAPE: Mean absolute percentage error; HC: Healthy control; AUC: Area under the curve; ANN: Artificial neural networks; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; H&E: Haematoxylin-eosin.