COVID-19 and comorbidities of hepatic diseases in a global perspective

Table 1 Prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 patients with altered manifestations of hepatic injury markers

Salient findings	Country	Ref.
Of 417 COVID-19 patients, 76.3% had altered values of liver function tests and 21.5% had liver injury during hospitalization. The use of lopinavir/ritonavir increased the risks of liver injury by 4-fold.	China	Cai et al[32], 2020
The prevalence of patients with GI symptoms and elevated level of liver enzymes was 18.6%. The severity of disease increased in patients with digestive symptoms.	China	Pan et al[81], 2020
Abnormal liver function tests are common in COVID-19 patients. Of 115 patients, 9.57% had increased ALT levels and 14.78% had increased AST levels.	China	Zhang et al[82], 2020
Liver dysfunction at an early stage increases the mortality risk in COVID-19 patients. A total of 151 patients (42.5%) were reported with cholestasis and 101 (28.5%) had hepatocellular injury. Liver dysfunction was more common in critically ill patients.	China	Fu et al[83], 2020
About 48.4% of patients with normal liver function had abnormal liver function tests after receiving lopinavir/ritonavir. Liver injury biomarkers (LDH, ALP, GGT, TBiL, prealbumin, and albumin) were dysregulated in a cohort of 288 COVID-19 patients, suggestive of potential as markers of liver injury and a prognosis of severe of COVID-19 disease.	China	Fan et al[37], 2020 and Fan et al[84], 2020
The presence of acute liver injury was linked with high risk of COVID-19 morbidities and admission to an ICU.	United States	Hajifathalian et al[85], 2020
Serum liver enzymes were increased in from 14% to 53% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.	United States	Fix et al[68], 2020
Increased bilirubin level was seen in 16.7% and increased ALT and AST were seen in 15% of COVID-19 patients.	United States	Sultan et al[86], 2020

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; GI: Gastrointestinal; ICU: Intensive care unit. LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; TBiL: Total bilirubin.