Chronic renal dysfunction in cirrhosis: A new frontier in hepatology

Table 1 Incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease in cirrhosis patients

Ref.	Study subjects (n)	Criteria for CKD diagnosis	Incidence or prevalence of CKD
Cullaro et al[4], 2020	39719 LT recipient cirrhosis patients	CKD-EPI equation based eGFR < 60 mL/min for 90 d or ≥ 42 d of hemodialysis	16% patients (n = 6269) met CKD criteria at the time of LT
Bassegoda et al[7], 2020	409 hospitalized cirrhosis patients, 168 with AKI	MDRD-4 equation based eGFR < 60 mL/min > 3 mo	Among survived patients at 3 mo, 9.1% (26/285) developed CKD, Incidence of CKD among cirrhosis-AKI patients was 25% (24/97)
Rustgi et al[18], 2020	598455 CLD patients, including 94431 patients with cirrhosis	As per the record, based on International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) code	Among 94431 cirrhosis patients, prevalence of CKD was 3.37%
Wong et al[3], 2019	2346 non-electively admitted patients with cirrhosis	MDRD-4 equation based eGFR < 60 mL/min for > 3 mo	Prevalence of CKD was 46.8% (n = 1099)
Maiwall et al[16], 2020	818 cohort of both hospitalized and outdoor cirrhosis patients	MDRD-6 equation based eGFR < 60 mL/min for > 3 mo and abnormal urine microscopy > 12 wk	Incidence of CKD was 32.8% (n = 269)
Chen et al[17], 2018	7440 adult patients with cirrhosis	MDRD-6, CKD-EPI and MDRD-4 equation based eGFR < 60 mL/min for > 3 mo	CKD was present in 46.0%, 45.7% and 45.6% of patients using the MDRD-6, CKD-EPI and MDRD-4 equations, respectively
Choi et al[19], 2014	643 hospitalized cirrhosis patients	MDRD-6 equation based eGFR < 60 mL/min for > 3 mo	Prevalence of CKD was 3.4% (n = 22)
Martín-Llahí et al[32] , 2011	463 hospitalized cirrhosis patients with renal impairment	Old criteria for HRS based on serum creatinine: > 1.5 mg/dL	Proportion of CKD-HRS was 3.9% (n = 22)
Salerno et al[33], 2011	263 hospitalized cirrhosis patients with renal impairment	Old criteria for HRS based on serum creatinine: > 1.5 mg/dL	Proportion of CKD-HRS was 18.5% (n = 40)
Péron et al[2], 2005	932 hospitalized cirrhosis patients with renal impairment	Old criteria for HRS based on serum creatinine: > 1.5 mg/dL	Proportion of CKD was 10 (1.07%), Proportion of CKD-HRS was 07 (0.75%)

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; LT: Liver transplantation; CKD-EPK: Chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; AKI: Acute kidney injury; MDRD: Modification of diet and renal disease; CLD: Chronic liver disease; HRS: Hepatorenal syndrome.