Bacterial infection triggers and complicates acute-on-chronic liver failure in patients with hepatitis B virus-decompensated cirrhosis: A retrospective cohort study

Table 2 Characteristics of bacterial infection according to in-hospital outcome

Characteristic	All patient (n = 1281)	Survivors (n = 1101)	Non-survivors (n = 180)	P value1
Bacterial infection	360 (28.1)	247 (22.4)	113 (62.8)	< 0.001
Source of acquisition
Community-acquired	76 (5.9)	58 (5.3)	18 (10)	0.02
Healthcare-associated	136 (10.6)	89 (8.1)	47 (26.1)	< 0.001
Nosocomial infection	162 (12.6)	107 (9.7)	55 (30.6)	< 0.001
Single site
Pneumonia	126 (9.8)	75 (6.8)	51 (28.3)	< 0.001
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis	69 (5.4)	47 (4.3)	22 (12.2)	< 0.001
Urinary tract infection	29 (2.3)	26 (2.4)	3 (1.7)	0.79
Spontaneous bacteremia	16 (1.3)	14 (1.3)	2 (1.1)	1.00
Skin or soft tissue infection	9 (0.7)	7 (0.6)	2 (1.1)	0.37
Others2	17 (1.3)	15 (1.4)	2 (1.1)	1.00
Multi sites	34 (2.7)	20 (1.8)	14 (7.8)	< 0.001
Unknown site3	60 (4.7)	43 (3.9)	17 (9.4)	< 0.01

¹P value corresponds to the comparisons between survivors and non-survivors;

²Other infections included cholangitis (n = 7), enterocolitis (n = 5), secondary bacterial peritonitis (n = 1), appendicitis (n = 1), spontaneous bacterial empyema (n = 2), and spleen abscess (n = 1);

³Unknown site denotes the presence of fever and leukocytosis requiring antibiotic therapy without any identifiable source.