Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2020.
World J Gastroenterol. Jun 28, 2020; 26(24): 3365-3400
Published online Jun 28, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i24.3365
Table 2 Plant-derived compounds affecting inflammatory bowel disease by modulating nitric oxide pathways
Ref.Phytochemicaltype of animalModel of IBDRoute of administrationDuration of treatmentNumbers of animals in intervention group and control groupOutcomes
[71]Naringenin (25, 50, 100 mg/kg per day)RatAcetic acid (AA)Transrectal7 d before colitis inductionn = 6Disease activity index (DAI) ↓, total glutathione sulphadryls (T-GSH) ↑, non-protein sulphadryls ↑, DNA, RNA and total protein content ↑, nitrit oxide (NO) ↓, catalase (CAT) ↑, superoxide dismutase (SOD) ↑, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α ↓, interleukin (IL)-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓
[82]Eupatilin (ethanol extract of aerial parts of Artemisiae herba, EIE) and quercetin-3-β-D-glucuronopyranoside from Rumex aquaticus (EIQ) (EIE, 100 mg/kg & EIQ, 30 mg/kg)Rat2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)Oral48, 24 and 1 h prior to the TNBS instillation and again 24 h latern = 6DAI ↓, myeloperoxidase (MPO) ↓, NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, total glutathione sulphadryls (GSH) ↑, malondialdehyde (MDA) ↓
[74]Naringin (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg)RatAAOral12 d (8 d before colitis induction and 4 d after)n = 6DAI ↓, spleen weight ↓, white blood cell (WBC) ↑, red blood cell (RBC) ↑, hemoglobin (Hb) ↑ & platelet ↑, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ↓, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ↓, SOD ↑, GSH ↑, Colon lipid peroxidation (LPO) ↓, NO ↓, MPO ↓, xanthine oxidase activity ↓, protein carbonyl content ↓, the number of unwinded double strand DNA ↓
[222]Oligonol (0.5 and 5 mg/kg/d)MiceDextran sulfate sodium (DSS)Oral7 d before colitis inductionn = 5DAI ↓, IkBα phosphorylation & degradation ↓, p65 phosphorylation & nuclear translocation ↓, cyclooxygenase (COX-2) ↓, iNOS ↓, expression of antioxidant enzymes ↑, colon carcinogenesis ↓, the incidence and the multiplicity of colonic adenoma ↓
[223]Algal meroterpene11hydroxy11Omethylamentadione (1, 10 & 20 mg/ kg)MiceDSSOral7 d after colitis inductionDAI ↓, MPO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-10 ↓, COX-2 ↓, iNOS ↓
[224]FraxinelloneMiceDSS and lipopolysacchari-de (LPS)intraperitoneal9 dn = 10DAI ↓, MPO ↓, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ↓, glutathione ↑, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓, IL-18 ↓, TNF-α ↓, inhibition of cluster of differentiation molecule 11B (CD11B).+ macrophage infiltration, ICAM1 ↓, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 ↓, iNOS ↓, COX-2 ↓, NO ↓, NF-κB signaling ↓ & NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome ↑
[79]Isoquercitrin (1 and 10 mg/kg/d)RatDSSOral14 d (DSS induced the second half)n = 8Colon shortening ↓, COX-2 ↓, iNOS ↓, tissue healing did not encompass rectum
[225]Oridonin (5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg)MiceTNBSntraperitoneal7 dn = 3-9DAI ↓, TNF-α ↓, interferon (INF) ↓, IL-17A ↓, iNOS ↓, COX-2 ↓, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation ↓, NF-κB p65 expression & activity ↓
[68]Cardamonin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg)MiceDSSOral2 d before DSS treatment & 7 d aftern = 10NO ↓, TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓, toll like receptor (TLR)-4 ↓, myeloid differentiation factor (MDF) 88 ↓, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 ↓, IκBα ↓, IκBK-α/β ↓, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ↓, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase ↓, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 ↓