Contribution of ghrelin to functional gastrointestinal disorders’ pathogenesis

Table 4 Ghrelin genetics and expression in irritable bowel syndrome patients compared to controls

Ref.	Participants	Parameters	IBS patients compared to Controls	P value
Salhy et al[77]	IBS-C (n = 19)/Controls (n = 10)	Ghrelin cell density in gastric mucosa	Higher	< 0.0001a
	IBS-D (n = 18)/Controls (n = 10)	Ghrelin cell density in gastric mucosa	Lower	< 0.0001a
Şahin-Eryılmaz et al[79]	IBS-C (n = 30)/Controls (n = 30)	Ghrelin staining, antral mucosal glands	Higher	0.038a
	IBS-D (n = 30)/Controls (n = 30)	Plasma ghrelin levels	Higher	0.001a
Sjölund et al[78]	IBS (n = 9)/Controls (n = 9)	Acyl-ghrelin and motilin plasma levels covariation	Covariation present in IBS patients only	< 0.02a
		Des-acyl ghrelin and motilin plasma levels covariation	Covariation present in IBS patients only	< 0.04a
		Total ghrelin and motilin plasma levels covariation	Covariation present in IBS patients only	< 0.004a
Lee et al[65]	IBS (n = 60)/Controls (n = 434)	rs3755777, G allele	Less frequent (IBS-D subgroup)	< 0.05a
		rs3755777, GG+CG genotypes	Less frequent (IBS-D subgroup)	< 0.05a
Russo et al[36]	IBS-D (n = 28)/Controls (n = 19)	Leu72Met, T allele	Less frequent	0.027a
		Leu72Met, GT genotype	Less frequent	0.041a
Videlock et al[81]	IBS (n = 20)/Controls (n = 10)	GHRLOS lncRNA levels	Down-regulated, IBS	< 0.05a
			Down-regulated, IBS-D	< 0.05a

^aStatistical significance. IBS-C: Irritable bowel syndrome, constipation predominant; IBS-D: Irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea predominant; GHRLOS: Ghrelin opposite strand transcript; lncRNA: Long non-coding RNA.