Contribution of ghrelin to functional gastrointestinal disorders’ pathogenesis

Table 2 Ghrelin genetics and expression in functional dyspepsia patients compared to controls

Ref.	Participants	Parameters	FD patients compared to Controls	P value
Shindo et al[57]	PDS (n = 76)/Controls ( n = 20)	Acyl-ghrelin, plasma levels	Lower	< 0.05a
Shinomiya et al[54]	FD (n = 18)/Controls (n = 18)	Acyl-ghrelin, plasma levels	Higher	> 0.05
		Des-acyl ghrelin, plasma levels	Lower	> 0.05
Nishizawa et al[49]	FD (n = 47)/Controls (n = 17)	Total ghrelin, plasma levels	Higher	< 0.05a
		Acyl-ghrelin, plasma levels	Higher	< 0.05a
Lanzini et al[48]	FD (n = 39)/Controls ( n = 53)	Total ghrelin, plasma levels	Higher	< 0.01a
Takamori et al[51]	FD (n = 16)/Controls (n = 19)	Des-acyl ghrelin, fasting state, plasma levels	Lower	0.0019a
		Acyl-ghrelin, fasting state, plasma levels	Lower	0.4191
		Des-acyl ghrelin to acyl-ghrelin ratio, fasting state, plasma levels	Lower	0.0154a
Lee et al[50]	FD (n = 42)/Controls (n = 14)	Total ghrelin, fasting state, plasma levels	Lower	< 0.05a
Choi et al[56]	FD (n = 39)/Controls (n = 38)	Male patients, acyl-ghrelin, plasma levels	Lower	0.017a
	FD (n = 65)/Controls (n = 49)	Female patients, acyl-ghrelin, plasma levels	Lower	0.348
Lee et al[65]	FD (n = 167)/Controls (n = 434)	rs42451, A allele	More frequent (PDS subgroup)	< 0.05a
		rs42451, AA genotype	More frequent (PDS subgroup)	< 0.05a

^aStatistical significance. PDS: Postprandial distress syndrome; FD: Functional dyspepsia.