Systemic inflammation in colorectal cancer: Underlying factors, effects, and prognostic significance

Table 2 Examples of inflammatory mediators reported to be expressed by colorectal cancer cells

Inflammatory mediator	Function	Detection method	Samples	Ref.
IL6	Proinflammatory cytokine	IHC, RT-PCR	FFPE CRC specimens	Zeng et al[178]
CSF1	Proliferation, differentiation, and survival of monocytes, macrophages, and bone marrow progenitor cells; polarization of pro-tumor M2 macrophages	IHC	FFPE CRC specimens	Nebiker et al[179]
CSF2	Proliferation, differentiation, and survival of monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes and bone marrow progenitor cells, polarization of anti-tumor M1 macrophages	IHC	FFPE CRC specimens	Nebiker et al[179]
CCL2	Recruitment of monocytes and macrophages	IHC, WB	CRC cell lines, FFPE CRC specimens	Hu et al[180]
CXCL1	Recruitment of neutrophils	IHC	FFPE CRC specimens	Oladipo et al[181]
CXCL8	Recruitment of neutrophils	IHC, IF, WB	CRC cell lines, FFPE CRC specimens	Xiao et al[30]
CXCL8	Recruitment of neutrophils	IHC	FFPE CRC specimens	Oladipo et al[181]
CXCL10	Recruitment of T cells and NK cells	IHC, RT-PCR	CRC cell lines, FFPE CRC specimens	Jiang et al[182]
CXCL12	Recruitment of lymphocytes and endothelial progenitor cells	IHC	FFPE CRC specimens	Akishima-Fukasawa et al[183]
VEGFA	Angiogenesis	IHC	FFPE CRC specimens	Tuomisto et al[184]

CRC: Colorectal cancer; FFPE: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; IF: Immunofluorescence; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; WB: Western blot.