Simple pain measures reveal psycho-social pathology in patients with Crohn’s disease

Table 10 Multinomial logistic regression analysis, stratified by source of questionnaire, of General Severity Index, gender, the three coping strategies and the intensity of pain¹

Characteristic	No pain	Mild pain		Moderate pain		Severe pain
		InternetOR (P value)	HardcopyOR (P value)	InternetOR (P value)	HardcopyOR (P value)	InternetOR (P value)	HardcopyOR (P value)
Pain by HBI
GSI	Ref.	1.74 (0.14)	2.67 (< 0.001)	2.89 (0.01)	6.13 (< 0.001)	8.51 (< 0.001)	11.66 (< 0.001)
Gender (female)	Ref.	1.11 (0.80)	1.63 (0.07)	1.03 (0.95)	3.43 (0.00)	0.76 (0.69)	2.43 (0.14)
Emotion-focused	Ref.	1.01 (0.81)	1.04 (0.21)	1.04 (0.35)	1.06 (0.15)	0.96 (0.56)	1.15 (0.03)
Problem-focused	Ref.	1.04 (0.53)	0.91 (0.02)	1.05 (0.44)	0.91 (0.04)	1.14 (0.19)	0.79 (< 0.001)
Dysfunctional	Ref.	1.04 (0.49)	1.07 (0.04)	1.02 (0.67)	1.04 (0.30)	1.02 (0.76)	1.01 (0.90)
Pain by SF36
GSI	Ref.	2.05 (0.07)	3.22 (< 0.001)	5.87 (< 0.001)	6.20 (< 0.001)	10.12 (< 0.001)	6.69 (< 0.001)
Gender (female)	Ref.	2.22 (0.05)	1.42 (0.18)	2.41 (0.09)	4.29 (< 0.001)	3.60 (0.15)	3.82 (0.03)
Emotion-focused	Ref.	1.01 (0.86)	1.01 (0.76)	1.02 (0.71)	1.04 (0.42)	1.02 (0.81)	1.06 (0.35)
Problem-focused	Ref.	1.05 (0.47)	0.96 (0.32)	1.11 (0.16)	0.96 (0.39)	1.23 (0.10)	0.97 (0.74)
Dysfunctional	Ref.	1.05 (0.38)	1.07 (0.05)	0.98 (0.77)	1.05 (0.28)	1.03 (0.73)	1.07 (0.23)
Pain by SIBDQ
GSI	Ref.	2.39 (0.03)	4.04 (< 0.001)	5.57 (< 0.001)	5.53 (< 0.001)	6.20 (< 0.001)	19.91 (< 0.001)
Gender (female)	Ref.	1.16 (0.72)	1.21 (0.50)	1.43 (0.44)	1.93 (0.07)	0.73 (0.62)	3.06 (0.08)
Emotion-focused	Ref.	0.97 (0.49)	1.06 (0.09)	0.98 (0.72)	1.01 (0.88)	0.97 (0.62)	1.10 (0.14)
Problem-focused	Ref.	1.04 (0.52)	0.91 (0.01)	1.08 (0.23)	0.96 (0.41)	0.88 (0.21)	0.79 (< 0.001)
Dysfunctional	Ref.	1.01 (0.91)	1.06 (0.06)	1.00 (0.99)	1.10 (0.01)	1.11 (0.14)	0.99 (0.83)

¹Statistical differences from the reference value (No pain) are shown. GSI: General Severity Index.