Scoring systems for peptic ulcer bleeding: Which one to use?

Table 4 Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes

Age
Median, yr	65.3 (20-100)
Sex
Male/Female	638 (63)/374 (37)
Findings at endoscopy
Gastric ulcers	496 (49)
Duodenal ulcers	476 (47)
Gastric and duodenal ulcers	24 (2.4)
Ulcer on gastro-enteric anastomosis	16 (1.6)
High-risk ulcers (Forrest Ia-IIb)	526 (52)
Forrest Ia	61 (6)
Forrest Ib	111 (11)
Forrest IIa	212 (21)
Forrest IIb	142 (14)
Low- risk ulcers (Forrest IIc-III)	486 (48)
Forrest IIc	172 (17)
Forrest III	314 (31)
Hemodynamic shock	111 (11)
Comorbidity
Ischemic and valvular heart disease	213 (21.5)
Liver disease	172 (17)
Renal failure	111 (11)
Any malignancy	131 (12.9)
Comorbidity (ASA class)
ASA I	142 (14)
ASA II	283 (28)
ASA III-IV	587 (58)
H. pylori
Tested	760 (75.1)
H. pylori-positive	324 (42.6)
Drugs
Without previous therapy	433 (42.8)
NSAIDs	284 (28.1)
Acetylsalicylic acid	203 (20)
Antiplatelet therapy	31 (3.1)
Anticoagulant therapy	41 (4)
NOAC	20 (2)
Treatment
Endoscopic therapy	587 (58)
Epinephrine	213 (36.3)
Hemoclips	156 (26.6)
Hemoclips + epinephrine	180 (30.7)
Thermocoagulation	26 (4.4)
Thermocoagulation + epinephrine	12 (2)
Repeated endoscopic therapy	71 (7)
Blood transfusion required	496 (49)
Red blood cell	406 (40.1)
Median (range), unit	2.5 (1-16)
Fresh frozen plasma	81 (8)
Median (range), unit	2 (1-6)
Platelet	9 (0.9)
Median (range), unit	6 (4-8)
Whole blood	0 (0)
Surgery	55 (5.4)
Outcome
Rebleeding	95 (9.4)
Rebleeding (anticoag. and NOAC)	9 (14.8)
30-d mortality	53 (5.2)
Median hospital stay, d	6 (0-45)

Data are presented as n (%) or mean (range). ASA: American society of anesthesiology; NOAC: New(er) oral anticoagulant; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.