Diet in irritable bowel syndrome: What to recommend, not what to forbid to patients!

Table 1 High FODMAP foods and alternative low FODMAP foods[24,79,80]

FODMAP	High FODMAP foods	Low FODMAP foods
Oligosaccharides: fructans and/or galacto-oligosaccharides	Vegetables: artichokes, asparagus, beetroot, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cabbage, fennel, garlic, leeks, shallots, okra, onions, peas	Vegetables: carrot, cucumber, potato, bell pepper, eggplant, green beans, lettuce, spinach, chives, parsnip, pumpkin, silverbeet, spring onion (green only), tomato, zucchini, bamboo shoots, bok choy, choko, choy sum
	Cereals: wheat & rye when eaten in large amounts (e.g., bread, pasta, crackers)	Cereals: wheat-free grains or wheat-free flours and products made with these (e.g., bread, pasta, crackers), spelt and spelt products, oats, corn, rice, quinoa
	Legumes: chickpeas, lentils, red kidney beans, baked beans	Legumes: canned chickpeas
	Fruits: watermelon, custard apple, white peaches, rambutan, kaki
Disaccharides: Lactose	Milk (cow, goat, sheep), yoghurt, soft & fresh cheeses (e.g., Ricotta, Cottage), ice cream	Lactose-free milk, rice milk, almond milk, lactose-free yoghurt, hard cheeses (e.g., Cheddar, Parmesan, Swiss, Brie, Camembert), butter, ice-cream substitutes (e.g., dairy-free gelato, sorbet)
Monosaccharides: Fructose	Fruits: apples, pears, nashi pears, clingstone peaches, mango, sugar snap peas, watermelon, tinned fruit in natural juice, dried fruits	Fruits: banana, blueberry, grapefruit, grape, honeydew melon, kiwifruit, lemon, lime, mandarin, orange, tangelo, raspberry, strawberry, pawpaw, star fruit, passion fruit, rockmelon, carambola, durian
	Honey	Honey substitutes: maple syrup
	Sweeteners: fructose, high fructose corn syrup	Sweeteners: sugar, glucose, artificial sweeteners not ending in “-ol”
Polyols	Fruits: apples, apricots, cherries, longon, lychee, nashi pears, nectarines, pears, peaches, plums, prunes, watermelon	Fruits: banana, blueberry, grapefruit, grape, honeydew melon, kiwifruit, lemon, lime, mandarin, orange, raspberry, pawpaw, star fruit, passion fruit, rockmelon, carambola, durian
	Vegetables: avocado, cauliflower, mushrooms, snow peas
	Sweeteners: sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol & others ending in “-ol”, isomalt	Sweeteners: sugar, glucose, artificial sweeteners not ending in “-ol” (e.g., sucralose, aspartame)