Recent upper gastrointestinal panendoscopy increases the risk of pyogenic liver abscess

Table 4 Risks of pyogenic liver abscess related to site and invasiveness of the digestive endoscopy performed n (%)

	Cases (n = 2135)	Controls (n = 10675)	Total	aOR1	95%CI	P value
Upper GI panendoscopy
Without invasive procedure2	130 (6.09)	98 (0.92)	228	Ref.
With invasive procedure	42 (1.97)	33 (0.31)	75	0.91	0.47-1.77	0.787
None3	1963 (91.94)	10544 (98.77)	12507	0.35	0.26-0.49	< 0.001
Lower GI endoscopy
Without invasive procedure2	24 (1.12)	38 (0.36)	62	Ref.
With invasive procedure	12 (0.56)	15 (0.14)	27	0.97	0.32-2.96	0.958
None3	2099 (98.31)	10622 (99.5)	12721	0.66	0.35-1.23	0.193
Upper or Lower GI endoscopy
Without invasive procedure2	138 (6.46)	124 (1.16)	262	Ref.
With invasive procedure	51 (2.39)	47 (0.44)	98	0.87	0.49-1.54	0.624
None3	1946 (91.15)	10504 (98.4)	12450	0.40	0.29-0.54	< 0.001

¹Adjusted OR was adjusted for history of appendicitis, diverticulitis, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, biliary tract infection, liver cirrhosis, GI malignancies, frequency of OPD visits, frequency of ultrasound examination, and ERCP-related procedures;

²Invasive procedures include biopsy, polypectomy, hemostasis and foreign body removal;

³None means patients who didn't receive upper or lower GI endoscopy. aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; GI: Gastrointestinal tract.