Risk stratification for malignant progression in Barrett’s esophagus: Gender, age, duration and year of surveillance

Abstract

AIM

To clarify risk based upon segment length, diagnostic histological findings, patient age and year of surveillance, duration of surveillance and gender.

METHODS

Patients registered with the United Kingdom Barrett’s Oesophagus Registry from 9 United Kingdom centers were included. The outcome measures were (1) development of all grades of dysplasia; (2) development of high-grade of dysplasia or adenocarcinoma; and (3) development of adenocarcinoma. Prevalent cases and subjects with < 1 year of follow-up were excluded. The covariates examined were segment length, previous biopsy findings, age at surveillance, duration of surveillance, year of surveillance and gender.

RESULTS

One thousand and one hundred thirty six patients were included (total 6474 patient-years). Fifty-four patients developed adenocarcinoma (0.83% per annum), 70 developed high-grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma (1.1% per annum) and 190 developed any grade of dysplasia (3.5% per annum). High grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma increased with age and duration of surveillance. The risk of low-grade dysplasia development was not dependent on age at surveillance. Segment length and previous biopsy findings were also significant factors for development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.

CONCLUSION

The risk of development of low-grade dysplasia is independent of age at surveillance, but high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma were more commonly found at older age. Segment length and previous biopsy findings are also markers of risk. This study did not demonstrate stabilisation of the metaplastic segment with prolonged surveillance.

Key Words: Dysplasia, Barrett’s esophagus, Esophageal neoplasms, Public health, Epidemiology, Surveillance

Core tip: Current surveillance guidelines for Barrett’s oesophagus base the enrolment into surveillance and surveillance interval on segment length, presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. This study demonstrates the importance of age as an important risk factor for high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma development and that stabilisation of the epithelium does not reliably occur at long-term follow-up.

INTRODUCTION

The incidence of adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus has been estimated to be around 0.5% per annum[1-3] and 0.32% in patients without dysplasia at index endoscopy[4]. This would suggest a lifetime risk of around 1:8 to 1:14 of developing adenocarcinoma and 1:5 to 1:6 of developing either high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma[5]. A meta-analysis has shown a trend for a decrease in incidence of adenocarcinoma to be observed with time (which did not reach statistical significance, P = 0.117)[3] and in recent years large population-based cohort studies[6-8] have demonstrated lower adenocarcinoma incidence rates (0.22%, 0.43% and 0.12% per annum respectively). We have observed that the age at diagnosis of patients with Barrett’s esophagus is falling[9] and that the life expectancy of those diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus is increasing[5]. The Danish pathology registry has demonstrated in their cohort that the adenocarcinoma incidence in Barrett’s increases with older age[8].

The currently accepted principal risk factors for dysplasia and cancer development in Barrett’s oesophagus are presence/absence of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and segment length[10-12]. These are the factors on which guidance for surveillance intervals are determined.

These observations prompt examination of what the time trends in cancer incidence in Barrett’s esophagus are: Are the annual incidences of dysplasia and cancer changing in the population with Barrett’s esophagus undergoing surveillance? Does an individual’s risk change over time dependent on the patient’s age at the time of surveillance? Does the Barrett’s segment stabilize with prolonged follow-up such that patients might be reassured and discharged from further follow-up?

This study seeks to examine whether there is a demonstrable change in incidence of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma over time in patients undergoing surveillance of Barrett’s esophagus who are registered with the United Kingdom Barrett’s Oesophagus Registry and which are the most important demographic, histological and endoscopic features with regard to dysplasia and cancer risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One thousand one hundred and thirty six patients who had been registered with the United Kingdom Barrett’s Oesophagus Registry from 9 centers who did not have prevalent adenocarcinoma (diagnosed at index endoscopy or within one year of the index endoscopy) and who had a minimum of one year of follow-up were included in the study cohort. The three outcome measures were (1) development of any grade of dysplasia; (2) development of high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma; and (3) development of adenocarcinoma. Follow-up time commenced at the diagnostic biopsy and was censored at the first biopsy reported as demonstrating the histological outcome or, when this was not attained, the final surveillance endoscopy and biopsy. The influence of 7 factors was then considered to provide further clarity as to an individual’s risk of development of dysplasia and cancer. These were: (1) date (year) at which surveillance biopsies were undertaken; (2) age of the patient at which surveillance endoscopy and biopsy were undertaken; (3) length of time during which the patient had been undergoing surveillance; (4) patient gender; (5) segment length; (6) histological findings at the most recent (previous) endoscopy; and (7) histological findings at first and second endoscopies (in keeping with national guidelines on enrolment into surveillance programmes[10-12]).

Classification of histological results were: columnar-lined oesophagus without intestinal metaplasia, columnar-lined oesophagus with intestinal metaplasia, indefinite changes for dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.

The associations of dysplasia/adenocarcinoma risk with age at surveillance, year of surveillance and duration of surveillance were examined.

The associations between these factors and risk of development of dysplasia or cancer were examined using binary logistic regression. The model was modified to exclude factors which did not reach statistical significance with removal of factors which showed no association with dysplasia or cancer risk. Due to the co-linearity of age, surveillance duration and year of surveillance, only the most closely-associated of these three variables was included in the final analyses.

Segment length data were available for 92.4% of cases and the analyses were repeated with the exclusion of segment length. Segment length was examined as a continuous variable and when separated into three similarly sized and clinically relevant groups: short segment (< 3 cm), 3-5 cm and > 5 cm.

Ethical permission

Approval for studies of this kind conducted by UKBOR was given by the London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee on 14^th March 2002 number MREC/02/2/5.

Statistical analysis

Incidence calculations were undertaken using a patient-years at risk method and expressed as an annual percentage (cases per one hundred patient-years follow-up) and 95%CI were evaluated using an exact Poisson distribution. Logistic regression to ascertain the magnitude of the effect of the covariates was undertaken. P values < 0.05 were taken to be statistically significant.

RESULTS

The 1136 patients who fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the study cohort comprised 783 males and 353 females diagnosed between 1974 and 2009. The mean age at diagnosis was 59.8 years, mean follow-up was 5.70 years and total follow-up was 6474 patient-years. The mean age at surveillance was 62.3 years, with a small trend for this to rise in males (60 in the 1990s, 61 in 2000-2004 and 62 from 2005 onwards), but no change in females (mean age at surveillance 65). During the follow-up period 54 patients developed adenocarcinoma, 70 developed either high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma and 190 developed changes of any grade of dysplasia or cancer. The overall annual incidence of development of adenocarcinoma was 0.83% per annum, of high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma, 1.1% per annum and of all grades of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma, 3.5% per annum.

Time trends for population during the cohort

During the first 15 years of the cohort from 1974-1989 only a small number of patients (76) were diagnosed and underwent surveillance, hence these patients have been grouped together; thereafter, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma incidence were examined over consecutive 5 year periods (Table 1).

Table 1 Annual incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia dependent on year of surveillance.

Calendar years	Total patient-years follow-up	Adenocarcinoma		High-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma		All grades of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma
		Number of cases	Annual incidence	Number of cases	Annual incidence	Number of cases	Annual incidence
1974-1989	237	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	1	0.46%
1990-1994	753	1	0.13%	1	0.13%	9	1.33%
1995-1999	1950	19	0.97%	21	1.09%	76	4.70%
2000-2004	2058	15	0.73%	23	1.12%	60	3.63%
2005-	1477	19	1.29%	25	1.17%	44	3.66%
Total	6474	54	0.83%	70	1.09%	190	3.54%

Risk with year of surveillance

These data demonstrate that there was no clear trend for the incidence of either dysplasia or adenocarcinoma to fall appreciably during the study period (as examined by year of surveillance). The mean age at surveillance remained constant throughout the cohort; however there was an increased proportion of males in the latter portion of the cohort. When males and females were examined separately, there was no demonstrable change in the incidence of either adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia for females with year of surveillance and a trend for a slight increase in adenocarcinoma incidence with later year of surveillance for males. The adenocarcinoma and high-grade dysplasia incidences were similar in males and females, but slightly lower in females. These results are depicted graphically in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1 Annual incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia dependent on calendar year of surveillance.

Figure 2 Annual incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia dependent on calendar year of surveillance and gender.

Risk with age at surveillance

Table 2 and Figures 3 and 4 show the effect of age at surveillance on the detection of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. This demonstrates a trend for an increasing risk of dysplasia detection as age at surveillance increases. When males and females were analysed separately, there was a trend for higher rates of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma incidence in males compared to females for specific decade of age at surveillance, but overall similar rates due to females being older than males at surveillance (40% of surveillance of females within the cohort occurring at age > 70, compared to 25% for males).

Table 2 Annual incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia dependent on age at surveillance.

Age at surveillance	Total patient-years follow-up	Adenocarcinoma		High-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma		All grades of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma
		Number of cases	Annual incidence	Number of cases	Annual incidence	Number of cases	Annual incidence
< 40	236	0	0.00%	1	0.42%	4	1.89%
40-49	740	0	0.00%	2	0.27%	15	2.30%
50-59	1602	6	0.37%	9	0.56%	39	2.82%
60-69	2154	15	0.70%	20	0.94%	63	3.66%
70-79	1464	20	1.37%	26	1.81%	52	4.49%
80+	278	13	4.67%	12	4.34%	17	7.18%
Total	6474	54	0.83%	70	1.09%	190	3.54%

Figure 3 Annual incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia dependent on age at surveillance.

Figure 4 Annual incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia dependent on age at surveillance and gender.

Risk with duration of surveillance

The results of the analysis which examined whether the risk of development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma remains constant during the course of an individual patient’s surveillance are shown in Table 3 and Figures 5 and 6. These demonstrate that there is a trend for increasing risk of development of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma with increasing duration of surveillance, but not of development of low-grade dysplasia. When males and females were analyzed separately, there did not appear to be a significant effect of gender on the results.

Table 3 Annual incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia dependent on duration of surveillance.

Duration of surveillance (yr)	Total patient-years follow-up	Adenocarcinoma		High-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma		All grades of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma
		Number of cases	Annual incidence	Number of cases	Annual incidence	Number of cases	Annual incidence
1-2	1848	14	0.76%	19	1.04%	72	4.47%
3-4	1235	9	0.73%	11	0.90%	41	4.02%
5-9	1587	20	1.26%	27	1.72%	54	4.47%
10+	668	11	1.65%	13	1.96%	23	4.52%

Figure 5 Annual incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia dependent on duration of surveillance.

Figure 6 Annual incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia dependent on duration of surveillance and gender.

Logistic regression analyses

Initially all 7 variables were included in the logistic regression analyses. Gender was excluded as there was no association with the outcome measures and year at surveillance and duration of surveillance were also excluded as the association between the outcome variables was strongest with age at surveillance. For the outcome variables of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma: the final model showed that the statistically significantly associated factors were age at surveillance, segment length and previous histological biopsy grading. For the development of all grades of dysplasia and cancer: segment length and the findings at the first two biopsies reached statistical significance. These results are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Logistic regression results.

Factor	Development of all grades of dysplasia and cancer	Development of high-grade dysplasia or cancer	Development of cancer
Age	P = 0.187	P = 0.400	P = 0.034
Segment length	P = 0.043	P = 0.121	P = 0.129
Most recent biopsy results		P = 0.058	P = 0.047
First two biopsy results	P < 0.001

DISCUSSION

These results demonstrate that there was no clear evidence of any change in overall adenocarcinoma or dysplasia incidence throughout the cohort period nor for the risk of development of all grades of dysplasia to change with increasing duration of follow-up. The risk of development of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma tended to increase with increased duration of surveillance, but more strikingly: there was a relationship between older age at surveillance and higher rate of detection of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.

These observations demonstrate that the metaplastic segment does not remain stable with prolonged follow-up: the rate of development of all grades of dysplasia remained around 3.5% per annum and there was a trend for increased risk of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma development at increased duration of follow-up in common with the Dutch cohort[7].

From the logistic regression, the most significant time-dependent factor is age at surveillance (with increasing risks of development of high-grade dysplasia or cancer at older age).

Subsequently, this analysis has not demonstrated that after a prolonged period of stability there are patients who might be safely discharged from surveillance.

This observation would suggest that younger patients could undergo less intensive surveillance than older patients (with respect to development of high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma), however younger patients potentially have longer periods of exposure to the risk of developing these changes and conceivably an increased lifetime risk[13]. These observations parallel those on esophageal cancer incidence in the United Kingdom population[14]. We have also observed that the average age at diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus is falling[9], which, whilst this may subsequently result in a reduction in the annual incidence of adenocarcinoma for the surveillance cohort overall, it will not result in any risk reduction for an individual patient[5].

Overall, females and males had similar risk of development of dysplasia and cancer in this cohort, however it is likely that this is in part due to the larger proportion of females undergoing surveillance at older age compared to males and that the risk for females when age-matched is lower than in males. Similar results were shown in the Dutch national cohort[7]. With higher life expectancy for females, this is an important consideration and this study does not provide data to support the suggestion that females might be safely discharged from surveillance. The Dutch cohort also confirmed the high cancer risk in older females[7]. Different proportions of older patients undergoing surveillance may explain some of the variability seen in the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in published studies.

The risk for any individual patient will depend on a number of factors, some of which are modifiable and others which cannot be modified[15]. Caucasian ethnic origin[16], male gender[6,8,17], older age at diagnosis[8,18,19], longer Barrett’s segment length[3,17,20,21] and the presence of dysplasia at diagnosis[6,8,20,22] have each been reported to be markers of higher malignant risk determined at the time of diagnosis. Longer duration of surveillance was also associated with increased cancer risk, but without separately examining the age at which surveillance was undertaken[20]. The role of intestinal metaplasia remains controversial[1,6,23-26]. Obesity[17,27,28], optimal reflux control[29-35], diet (poor intake of fruit, vegetables and anti-oxidants)[17,36,37], smoking[17,28,38,39] and medication use (particularly aspirin[40], non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[41-43] and statins[40,44-46]) will influence an individual’s risk at the time of diagnosis and subsequently. These modifiable factors should be addressed by public health programs and medical care. Additionally, absence of Helicobacter Pylori infection has been associated with higher prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus and dysplasia than in subjects who have had Helicobacter Pylori infection[47]. It seems likely that much of the fate of the metaplastic segment is determined prior to the time of diagnosis. Once diagnosed, reflux control, smoking, medication use, diet and control of obesity may be managed, but unless the potentially malignant tissue is either completely resected or ablated, cancer risk in this tissue remains.

Encouraging data on the role of endoscopic ablation of the metaplastic segment have now been published, however long-term follow-up with respect to cancer development is awaited[48-50].

Unfortunately, the incidence of Barrett’s esophagus[51-55] and esophageal adenocarcinoma[56-58] are increasing and without improved strategies to reduce the risk of cancer development within the population at risk and the size of this population, the number of cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma is likely to continue to rise[13].

The results of this study demonstrate that age at surveillance is an important factor for high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma development and should be incorporated (with segment length and previous biopsy findings) into risk assessment in Barrett’s oesophagus surveillance.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank the registrants for enabling the work to take place (see Supplementary Table).

COMMENTS

Background

The age at diagnosis of patients with Barrett’s esophagus is falling and that the life expectancy of those diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus is increasing. The Danish pathology registry has demonstrated in their cohort that the adenocarcinoma incidence in Barrett’s increases with older age.

Research frontiers

The currently accepted principal risk factors for dysplasia and cancer development in Barrett’s oesophagus are presence/absence of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and segment length. These are the factors on which guidance for surveillance intervals are determined.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Seek to clarify risk based upon segment length, diagnostic histological findings, patient age and year of surveillance, duration of surveillance and gender.

Applications

This study demonstrates the importance of age as an important risk factor for high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma development and that stabilisation of the epithelium does not reliably occur at long-term follow-up.

Peer-review

Interesting and practical paper, the relation between Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma was very important.