Metabolic alterations and hepatitis C: From bench to bedside

Figure 3 Hepatitis C virus-associated metabolic alterations in the hepatocyte, data from bench studies. SREBP: Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; Glu: Glucose; Glut: Glucose transporter; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; SRE: SREBP response element; FA: Fatty acid; PPRE: PPAR response element; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B: Fox: Transcription factor forkhead box; PEPCK: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; G6Pase: Glucose 6-phosphatase; IR: Insulin receptor; IRS: Insulin receptor sustrate; NS5A: HCV nonstructural protein 5 A; TG: Triglyceride; ApoB: Apoliporptoein B; MTTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SOCS: Suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TNFR: Tumor necrosis factor receptor; LD: Lipid droplet.