Review of endoscopic radiofrequency in biliopancreatic tumours with emphasis on clinical benefits, controversies and safety

Table 1 Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided radiofrequency ablation on pancreatic tumours

Ref.	n	Indication	Mean size mm (range)	RF device	Thermokinetics	RF sessions	Outcome	Survival (range)	Complications
Armellini et al[31], 2005	1	PNET	20	18 G Needle electrode	NA	NA	Complete ablation	-	No complication
				(STARmed)
Arcidiacono et al[32], 2012	22	Locally advanced PC	36	CTP	18 W (heating)	NA	Significant volume reduction in 16 patients	6 mo1	Early:
			(23-54)		650 psi (cooling)		(P = 0.07)	(1-12)	3 transient abdominal pain
					107 (10-360) s		Technical failure in 6 patients		1 minor duodenal bleeding
									Late:
									2 jaundice
									1 duodenal stricture
									1 cystic fluid collection
Rossi et al[33], 2014	1	PNET	9	Habib EUS RFA	10-15 W	1	Complete thermal ablation	-	No complication
					360 s		No recurrence
							(34 mo follow-up)
Weigt et al[34], 2014	1	IPMN	10	Habib EndoHBP	8 W	NA	2 cm ablation	-	Mild acute pancreatitis
		(recurrent bleeding)			90 s		No rebleeding
							(10 wk follow-up)
Pai et al[27], 2015	8	Mucinous cyst (4)	41 (24-70)	Habib EUS RFA	5-25 W	4.5		-	2 mild abdominal pain
		IPMN (1)	35		90-120 s	(2-7)	2 cyst resolution
		Microcystic adenoma (1)	20				4 cyst reduction
		PNET (2)	27 (15-40)				(48 % reduction)
							2 PNET with vascularity change
Lakhtakia et al[25], 2015	3	Insulinoma	18	18 G Needle electrode	50 W	NA	No recurrent hypoglycemia	-	No complication
		(Hypoglycemia)	(14-22)	(STARmed)	10-15 s		(12 mo follow-up)
Song et al[28], 2016	6	Locally advanced PC (4)	38	18 G	20-50 W	1.3	Necrosis at the ablation site	NA	2 mild abdominal pain
		Metastatic PC (2)	(30-90)	Needle electrode	10 s	(1-2)
				(STARmed)

¹Among 13 patients; 2 patients were lost to follow-up and other patient died during hospitalization. PNET: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour; NA: Not available; PC: Pancreatic cancer; IPMN: Intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasm.