Interaction of obesity and inflammatory bowel disease

Table 2 Immunologic effect of adipokines

Adipokine	Levels in obesity	Immunologic effects	Overall effect
Adiponectin	Decreased	Decreases TNF-α, IFNγ, IL-6	Anti-inflammatory
		Inhibits VCAM-1, ICAM-1 expression
		Increases IL-10, IL-1RA
		Promotes proliferation of Tregs
		Antagonizes NF-κB pathway
Leptin	Increased	Increased activation and proliferation of monocytes and macrophages	Pro-inflammatory
		Increased IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12
		Activates NK cells
		Activates NF-κB pathway
		Promotes Th1-differentiation
		Inhibits proliferation of
		Tregs
Resistin	Increased	Increases IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α	Pro-inflammatory

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; IFNγ: Interferon γ.