Polyphosphate and associated enzymes as global regulators of stress response and virulence in Campylobacter jejuni

Table 1 Comprehensive summary of Campylobacter infections in humans

Type	Clinical form/presentation	Risk factors	Target site	Symptoms	Species associated
(A) Intestinal	Periodontal diseases	Oral bleeding, increased vascular permeability[70], and pregnancy[71]?	Oral cavity	Bleeding, tenderness, and tooth loss	C. rectus[70], C. gracilis, C. showae[72] and C. concisus[73]
	Esophageal diseases	Mucosal damage due to stomach contents regurgitation[1]	Esophagus	Heart burn, regurgitation, bloating, bad breath, nausea, and abdominal pain	C. concisus[74]
	(gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma)
	Self-limited gastroenteritis, most common form	All factors as described in review	Jejunum and ileum	Diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain	C. jejuni and C. coli[1,75]
	Post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, and functional dyspepsia	Infection with C. jejuni and other species[1]		Diarrhea, constipation or both, and abdominal pain	C. jejuni, C. coli and C. consisus[76]
	Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s diseases (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC)	Gut dysbiosis[77]	CD-any part of intestine UC- colon	Diarrhea, fever and fatigue, abdominal pain, weight loss, and reduced appetite	C. concisus, C. showae, C. hominis, C. rectus, and C. ureolyticus[78]
	Colorectal cancer	Gut dysbiosis[79]	Colon	Diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, weight loss, and rectal bleeding	C. showae[80]
	Cholecystitis	Gall stones[1]	Gall bladder	Pain and tenderness in right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and fever	C. jejuni[81]
(B) Extra-intestinal	Guillain-Barre syndrome	C. jejuni infection[82]	Nervous system	Progressive symmetric weakness in limbs, below or lack of reflex (hyporeflexia)	C. jejuni[1,82]
	Miller Fisher syndrome	C. jejuni[83]	Nervous system	Oculo-motor weakness	C. jejuni[83]
	Reactive arthritis	Infection with enteric bacterial pathogens, including Campylobacter[84]	Joints, eyes, and genitourinary tract	Pain and stiffness of joints, swollen toes, eye inflammation, and urinary problems	C. jejuni and C. coli[1,84]
	Cardiovascular complications	Immuno-compromised condition, and bacteremia[1]	Cardiovascular system	Chest pain leading to arrhythmia, dilated cardiomyopathy, and sudden death due to congestive heart failure	C. jejuni and C. fetus[85,86]
	Meningitis	Immuno-compromised condition[1,87]	Meninges of brain and spinal cord	Headache with nausea or vomiting, seizures, sensitive to light, and loss of appetite	C. jejuni and C. fetus[88,89]
	Abscesses of breast, brain, vertebra, and liver	Secondary bacterial infection	Breast, brain, vertebra, and liver	Varies with target organ	C. rectus[90], C. curvus, C. gracilis and C. showae[91]
	Reproductive complication	Bowel infection, and periodontal disease[92]	Uterus, and placenta	Preterm birth, low birth weight, and intra-uterine growth restriction	C. jejuni, C. coli, C. fetus and C. upsaliensis[92]

Campylobacter infection types, clinical presentations, risk factors, target organ or tissues involved, symptoms and associated Campylobacter species are described.