Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Gastroenterol. Aug 28, 2016; 22(32): 7186-7202
Published online Aug 28, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7186
Table 1 Mechanisms of probiotics
Increase in barrier function
Maintenance of epithelial tight junctions integrity
Increase mucin production (Globet cells)
Increase in trefoil factors and defensins production (Paneth Cells)
Modulation of immune response
Increase secretory IgA
Production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Promotion tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells
Enhance of natural killer activity
Antagonism of pathogens
Direct killing of bacteria
Reduction of pathogen adherence
Inhibition of pathogenic bacteria growth by antimicrobial and antitoxin compound production (i.e., SCFA, bacteriocins and microcins)
Production of substances
Production of enzymatic activities and/or beneficial metabolites to the host
Promotion pain relief in visceral hyperalgesia