Effect of dietary vitamin C on gastric cancer risk in the Korean population

Table 4 ORs and 95%CIs of gastric cancer by the highest tertile of vitamin C contributing food consumption

	Total(n = 1245)	P for trend2	Men(n = 810)	P for trend	Women(n = 435)	P for trend
Potatoes and starches
Model I OR1 (95%CI)	0.74 (0.54-1.59)	0.020	0.55 (0.37-0.82)	0.001	0.97 (0.60-1.57)	0.996
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.72 (0.52-1.01)	0.028	0.55 (0.36-0.85)	0.003	0.94 (0.55-1.60)	0.889
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.85 (0.59-1.21)	0.277	0.65 (0.41-1.03)	0.042	1.01 (0.57-1.79)	0.891
Total vegetable consumption
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.87 (0.66-1.16)	0.366	0.91 (0.64-1.31)	0.593	0.86 (0.54-1.37)	0.549
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.91 (0.66-1.25)	0.575	1.01 (0.67-1.52)	0.955	0.83 (0.49-1.39)	0.496
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.96 (0.68-1.34)	0.800	1.09 (0.71-1.68)	0.744	0.82 (0.47-1.43)	0.494
Total fruit consumption
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.41 (0.30-0.56)	< 0.001	0.52 (0.36-0.75)	0.001	0.34 (0.21-0.57)	< 0.001
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.57 (0.41-0.81)	0.002	0.73 (0.49-1.10)	0.148	0.52 (0.30-0.92)	0.032
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.59 (0.41-0.85)	0.005	0.73 (0.47-1.13)	0.179	0.57 (0.31-1.05)	0.089
Potatoes
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.82 (0.61-1.10)	0.114	0.60 (0.41-0.87)	0.003	1.19 (0.73-1.93)	0.444
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.79 (0.57-1.09)	0.105	0.55 (0.36-0.85)	0.003	0.99 (0.57-1.70)	0.867
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.91 (0.64-1.29)	0.458	0.65 (0.41-1.02)	0.034	1.10 (0.61-1.97)	0.572
Sweet potatoes
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.57 (0.42-0.77)	< 0.001	0.54 (0.37-0.80)	< 0.001	0.71 (0.44-1.16)	0.244
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.62 (0.44-0.87)	0.002	0.60 (0.39-0.92)	0.003	0.68 (0.39-1.18)	0.196
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.69 (048-1.00)	0.018	0.66 (0.42-1.05)	0.016	0.76 (0.42-1.37)	0.294
Korean cabbage kimchi
Model I OR (95%CI)	1.08 (0.81-1.43)	0.547	0.90 (0.63-1.28)	0.572	1.47 (0.91-2.39)	0.087
Model II OR (95%CI)	1.08 (0.79-1.48)	0.629	0.91 (0.61-1.35)	0.693	1.41 (0.81-2.43)	0.163
Model III OR (95%CI)	1.11 (0.80-1.55)	0.511	0.99 (0.65-1.51)	0.976	1.27 (0.71-2.28)	0.342
Green pepper
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.85 (0.64-1.14)	0.252	0.78 (0.54-1.12)	0.141	0.99 (0.60-1.62)	0.894
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.87 (0.64-1.20)	0.328	0.74 (0.49-1.12)	0.090	0.99 (0.57-1.72)	0.973
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.81 (0.57-1.13)	0.167	0.67 (0.44-0.04)	0.037	0.93 (0.51-1.68)	0.844
Radish
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.97 (0.72-1.31)	0.599	0.89 (0.62-1.28)	0.468	1.22 (0.72-2.06)	0.870
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.92 (0.67-1.28)	0.348	0.90 (0.60-1.35)	0.489	1.16 (0.65-2.07)	0.799
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.98 (0.69-1.39)	0.495	0.92 (0.60-1.43)	0.578	1.27 (0.68-2.35)	0.893
Spinach
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.77 (0.58-1.03)	0.173	0.62 (0.44-0.90)	0.024	0.93 (0.58-1.51)	0.923
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.80 (0.58-1.09)	0.283	0.66 (0.45-0.99)	0.071	1.02 (0.59-1.77)	0.851
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.86 (0.61-1.20)	0.532	0.78 (0.51-1.20)	0.360	0.94 (0.52-1.70)	0.821
Radish kimchi
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.82 (0.62-1.10)	0.193	0.69 (0.48-0.99)	0.038	1.33 (0.80-2.22)	0.592
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.82 (0.59-1.12)	0.195	0.70 (0.47-1.05)	0.090	1.21 (0.69-2.11)	0.937
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.80 (0.57-1.12)	0.192	0.73 (0.47-1.13)	0.142	1.06 (0.58-1.94)	0.816
Cabbage
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.34 (0.25-0.46)	< 0.001	0.37 (0.26-0.53)	< 0.001	0.33 (0.19-0.55)	< 0.001
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.45 (0.32-0.63)	< 0.001	0.50 (0.34-0.75)	0.004	0.45 (0.25-0.81)	0.016
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.50 (0.35-0.72)	0.001	0.53 (0.35-0.82)	0.015	0.54 (0.29-1.00)	0.094
Chonggak kimchi
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.83 (0.62-1.10)	0.215	0.69 (0.48-0.99)	0.038	1.33 (0.80-2.20)	0.589
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.83 (0.60-1.04)	0.253	0.69 (0.46-1.04)	0.077	1.21 (0.69-2.11)	0.933
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.81 (0.58-1.13)	0.244	0.72 (0.47-1.11)	0.113	1.06 (0.58-1.94)	0.818
Zucchini
Model I OR (95%CI)	1.01 (0.76-1.35)	0.898	0.96 (0.67-1.37)	0.772	1.38 (0.84-2.25)	0.195
Model II OR (95%CI)	1.09 (0.79-1.51)	0.783	0.99 (0.66-1.48)	0.846	1.87 (1.06-3.28)	0.026
Model III OR (95%CI)	1.11 (0.78-1.56)	0.749	1.97 (0.63-1.50)	0.784	1.82 (1.00-3.30)	0.045
Chinese cabbage
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.64 (0.47-0.86)	< 0.001	0.53(0.36-0.78)	< 0.001	0.80 (0.49-1.31)	0.342
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.58 (0.41-0.81)	< 0.001	0.49(0.32-0.76)	< 0.001	0.72 (0.41-1.25)	0.115
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.62 (0.44-0.89)	< 0.001	0.57(0.36-0.90)	0.005	0.67 (0.37-1.22)	0.092
Lettuce
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.64 (0.48-0.86)	0.008	0.58 (0.41-0.82)	0.013	0.77 (0.47-1.26)	0.301
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.67 (0.49-0.93)	0.026	0.58 (0.39-0.86)	0.023	0.79 (0.45-1.36)	0.365
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.68 (0.48-0.95)	0.031	0.58 (0.38-0.88)	0.023	0.78 (0.43-1.40)	0.337
Onion
Model I OR (95%CI)	1.06 (0.79-1.42)	0.817	0.90 (0.62-1.30)	0.436	1.21 (0.73-1.99)	0.539
Model II OR (95%CI)	1.09 (0.79-1.51)	0.693	0.84 (0.56-1.27)	0.320	1.33 (0.76-2.33)	0.344
Model III OR (95%CI)	1.13 (0.80-1.59)	0.572	0.90 (0.58-1.40)	0.524	1.27 (0.71-2.30)	0.457
Mustard leaf Kimchi
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.84 (0.62-1.12)	0.099	0.87 (0.60-1.25)	0.220	0.66 (0.40-1.08)	0.207
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.76 (0.55-1.06)	0.018	0.84 (0.56-1.27)	0.089	0.60 (0.34-1.04)	0.076
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.76 (0.54-1.08)	0.038	0.90 (0.58-1.40)	0.180	0.57 (0.32-1.04)	0.093
Green onion
Model I OR (95%CI)	1.03 (0.76-1.38)	0.909	0.92 (0.64-1.33)	0.527	1.21 (0.73-2.01)	0.612
Model II OR (95%CI)	1.02 (0.73-1.41)	0.807	0.94 (0.62-1.42)	0.588	1.11 (0.64-1.95)	0.731
Model III OR (95%CI)	1.01 (0.71-1.44)	0.744	0.94 (0.60-1.46)	0.582	1.18 (0.65-2.13)	0.650
Mandarins
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.60 (0.44-0.80)	0.001	0.79 (0.55-1.12)	0.356	0.42 (0.25-0.71)	0.002
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.74 (0.53-1.04)	0.061	0.97 (0.66-1.44)	0.941	0.60 (0.34-1.07)	0.101
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.71 (0.50-1.01)	0.038	0.95 (0.62-1.44)	0.961	0.54 (0.29-0.99)	0.061
Strawberries
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.44 (0.33-0.60)	< 0.001	0.40 (0.27-0.58)	< 0.001	0.39 (0.23-0.67)	0.001
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.56 (0.40-0.78)	0.001	0.49 (0.32-0.74)	0.001	0.52 (0.29-0.93)	0.026
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.61 (0.43-0.86)	0.009	0.50 (0.32-0.79)	0.004	0.57 (0.30-1.07)	0.065
Orange juice
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.43 (0.32-0.59)	< 0.001	0.36 (0.25-0.53)	< 0.001	0.50 (0.30-0.85)	0.006
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.61 (0.44-0.85)	0.003	0.47 (0.30-0.71)	0.001	0.83 (0.46-1.51)	0.294
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.65 (0.46-0.94)	0.014	0.49 (0.31-0.77)	0.002	0.98 (0.52-1.86)	0.677
Watermelon
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.59 (0.44-0.78)	0.003	0.61 (0.43-0.87)	0.032	0.63 (0.39-1.02)	0.117
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.69 (0.50-0.95)	0.065	0.71 (0.48-1.06)	0.211	0.72 (0.42-1.24)	0.309
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.65 (0.46-0.92)	0.043	0.67 (0.44-1.03)	0.132	0.71 (0.40-1.27)	0.292
Apples
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.40 (0.29-0.54)	< 0.001	0.38 (0.26-0.55)	< 0.001	0.43 (0.26-0.71)	0.005
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.60 (0.43-0.85)	0.006	0.57 (0.37-0.87)	0.026	0.64 (0.37-1.11)	0.204
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.64 (0.45-0.92)	0.028	0.53 (0.34-0.83)	0.013	0.82 (0.46-1.47)	0.705
Persimmons
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.49 (0.36-0.66)	< 0.001	0.62 (0.43-0.89)	0.026	0.40 (0.24-0.66)	0.002
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.56 (0.40-0.78)	0.001	0.72 (0.48-1.08)	0.151	0.46 (0.26-0.80)	0.018
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.55 (0.38-0.78)	0.001	0.67 (0.44-1.03)	0.086	0.45 (0.25-0.82)	0.028
Bananas
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.32 (0.24-0.44)	< 0.001	0.33 (0.22-0.47)	< 0.001	0.26 (0.15-0.46)	< 0.001
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.40 (0.29-0.57)	< 0.001	0.41 (0.27-0.62)	< 0.001	0.34 (0.19-0.63)	0.001
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.44 (0.31-0.63)	< 0.001	0.41 (0.27-0.64)	0.001	0.44 (0.23-0.83)	0.014
Citrus tea
Model I OR (95%CI)	0.64 (0.48-0.87)	0.002	0.56 (0.38-0.81)	0.001	0.81 (0.49-1.34)	0.281
Model II OR (95%CI)	0.78 (0.56-1.09)	0.048	0.68 (0.44-1.04)	0.017	1.00 (0.57-1.76)	0.669
Model III OR (95%CI)	0.83 (0.59-1.18)	0.161	0.71 (0.45-1.11)	0.040	1.14 (0.63-2.09)	0.992

¹OR for the association with the lowest tertile group compared with the highest tertile group;

²Trends were calculated using the median intake for each category of vitamin C-contributing food consumption as a continuous variable: Model I: Unadjusted; Model II: Adjusted by first-degree family history of gastric cancer, education level, job, household income, smoking status, regular exercise; Model III: Additionally adjusted for H. pylori infection.