Avoiding hepatic metastasis naturally: Lessons from the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)

Figure 1 Schematic of the interactions of carcinoembryonic antigen in the hepatic sinusoid. Interactions of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the hepatic sinusoid. CEA released by the tumor cell binds with hnRNP M (CEAR) on the Kupffer cell surface resulting in release of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α. Effect of CEA induced cytokines on tumor cell interactions in the hepatic sinusoid. Cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α produced by Kupffer cells have a number of effects on the tumor cell microenvironment. These include up-regulation of adhesion molecules on hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. The most important of these seem to be E-selectin and ICAM-1. Cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 are pro-angiogenesis and they may also effect growth at the distant site[14,42].