Chemoprevention of obesity-related liver carcinogenesis by using pharmaceutical and nutraceutical agents

Figure 1 Proposed mechanisms linking obesity and its related metabolic abnormalities to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HSCs: Hepatic stellate cells; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFBP-3: IGF-binding protein-3; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; Jak: Janus kinase; Stat: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; SASP: Senescence-associated secretory phenotype; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.