Nomograms for colorectal cancer: A systematic review

Table 2 Nomograms predicting stage IV colorectal cancer oncological prognosis

Ref.	Year	Targeted cancer	Treatment	Predicted outcome	Number of patients	C-index	Validation	Calibration	Variables
Beppu et al[18]	2012	Liver metastasis	Hepatic resection	DFS	727	Not assessed	Validated by Okuno et al[26]	Absent	Metachronous or synchronous, pN, No. of tumors, largest tumor diameter, extrahepatic metastasis, CA19-9
Kanemitsu et al[19]	2008	Liver metastasis	Hepatic resection	OS, CSS	578	0.66-0.68	Validated by Takakura et al[27]	Present	Histology, No. of lymph node metastases, No. of tumors, extrahepatic metastasis, metastasis of hilar lymph nodes, surgical margin, CEA
Kattan et al[20]	2008	Liver metastasis	Hepatic resection	CSS	1477	0.61	Validated by Takakura et al[27], Reddy et al[28], and Nathan et al[29]	Present	Gender, age, primary site, disease-free interval, CEA, No. of tumors, largest tumor diameter, bilateral resection, > 1 lobe, pN
Kanemitsu et al[21]	2004	Lung metastasis	Thoracotomy	OS	313	0.66-0.72	Validated by Kanemitsu et al[30]	Present	Histology, No. of tumors, hilar/mediastinal lymph nodes, extrathoracic metastasis, CEA
Elias et al[22]	2014	Liver and/or Peritoneal metastasis	Optimal surgery plus chemotherapy	OS	287	0.61	Absent	Present	No. of lymph node metastases, peritoneal carcinomatosis index, planified procedure
Kawai et al[23]	2015	Metastatic CRC	Curative resection	DFS, OS	1133	0.60-0.64	Present	Present	Postoperative CEA, pT, pN, No. of metastatic organs, peritoneal dissemination
Manceau et al[24]	2014	Metastatic CRC, KRAS-wild-type, refractory to chemotherapy	Anti-EGFR antibodies	Risk of progression	132	> 0.7	Present	Absent	MicroRNA expression and BRAF mutations
Massacesi et al[25]	2000	Locally advanced or metastatic CRC	Chemotherapy	OS	1057	Not assessed	Absent	Absent	Response to chemotherapy, No. of metastatic sites, CEA, performance status

DFS: Disease-free survival; OS: Overall survival; CSS: Cancer-specific survival; CRC: Colorectal cancer; C-index: Concordance index; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; BRAF: B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase.